Abstract: A semiconductor device includes a semiconductor chip having a first face and a second face on an opposite side to the first face, and including semiconductor elements arranged on the first face. Columnar electrodes are arranged above the first face, and electrically connected to any of the semiconductor elements. A first member is located around the columnar electrodes above the first face. An insulant covers the columnar electrodes and the first member. The first member is harder than the columnar electrodes and the insulant. The first member and the columnar electrodes are exposed from a surface of the insulant.

Abstract: A method of producing, in a workpiece such as a spiral member of a scroll element, a curved groove for receiving a mechanical seal by using a milling cutter, especially, an end mill. A relative feed in a given direction "A" is provided between the milling cutter and the work, and the milling cutter rotating in a predetermined direction "B" about an axis of rotation thereof is set so that the milling cutter provides an inner side wall of the curved groove with respect to a center of curvature of the curved groove with an up milling in which the direction "B" is directed against the direction "A", and that the milling cutter provides an outer side wall of the curved groove confronting the inner side wall with a down milling in which the direction "B" is directed toward the direction "A", in order to suppress formation of coarse and rough surface on both the inner and outer side wall of the curved groove. Thus, the width of the curved groove can be constantly accurate over an entire length of the groove.

Abstract: In a system for restoring a controlled unit from an abnormal condition, a plurality of predicted abnormal conditions and corresponding restoring procedures are prestored. When an actually generated abnormal condition matches with one of the prestored abnormal conditions, the system restores the controlled unit from the abnormal condition based on the prestored restoring procedure corresponding to the abnormal condition which matches with the actually generated abnormal condition.

Abstract: A corrosion resisting copper alloy, especially suitable for use in fabricating heat exchangers, comprises 25 to 38% by weight zinc, 0.005 to 0.04% by weight phosphorus, the remainder of the alloy being copper, the alloy having a recrystallized grain size within the range of 2.mu. to 10.mu..

Abstract: The heat exchanger core comprises a fluid passage member within which a fluid flows and outside of which another fluid flows, and fin members formed on the fluid passage member for promoting heat exchange between the two fluids, and the fluid passage member and the fin members are made of different kinds of aluminum alloys, and the fin members serve as sacrificial anodes as well as for protecting the heat exchanger core from corrosion.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing mechanical parts from the raw material of metal scrap such as shavings and turnings of castings and steel and press chips of steel, includes the steps of: preparing the metal scrap including shavings and turnings; forming a billet by pressing metal scrap; heating the billet to the forging temperature, whereby a satisfactory plasticity is given to the billet for plastic deformation of metal scrap in the succeeding process; and forming the heated billet into a forged workpiece by use of a semi-closed forging die. The shape of the billet is determined such that, in this forging step, the respective portions of the billet are subjected to plastic deformation having a given plastic deformation rate, whereby material flow sufficient to generate metallic bond at the respective portions is caused, and burred portions are formed on portions of the forged workpiece mainly subjected to extrusion press during die-forging.