Abstract: A light concentrating optical element includes: a substrate; and a plurality of micro-optical members dispersed inside the substrate. The plurality of micro-optical members each direct light having been transmitted through the substrate and having entered a micro-optical member along an entering direction, so that the light exits the micro-optical member along a matching direction matching the entering direction, and direct light having entered the micro-optical member along an other entering direction, so that the light exits the micro-optical member along an exiting direction, resulting in an advancing direction of light having entered the substrate through a substrate front surface and advancing through the substrate being deflected via the plurality of micro-optical members to extend along the matching direction; and the light having been deflected so as to advance through the substrate along the matching direction is concentrated at an end area of the substrate.

Abstract: A magnesium refining apparatus includes: a container that contains sample containing a magnesium compound; and a light concentrating device that concentrates sunlight to irradiate the container in order to heat an interior of the container to a predetermined temperature, wherein: the container has a reaction unit that is heated to the predetermined temperature by the light concentrating device to generate magnesium vapor from the sample with a thermal reduction reaction; and the light concentrating device is constructed of Cassegrain optical system having a first mirror surface constituted by a concave mirror and a second mirror surface constituted by a convex mirror, and concentrates reflected light of the sunlight on a surface of the sample in the container by guiding the sunlight reflected at the first mirror surface to the second mirror surface and then by reflecting the reflected sunlight guided from the first mirror surface at the second mirror surface.

Abstract: A magnesium refining apparatus includes: a container that contains sample containing a magnesium compound; and a light concentrating device that concentrates sunlight to irradiate the container in order to heat an interior of the container to a predetermined temperature, wherein: the container comprises a reaction unit that is heated to the predetermined temperature by the light concentrating device to generate magnesium vapor from the sample with a thermal reduction reaction, and a condenser unit that condenses the magnesium vapor; a sunlight transmitting member is provided on a housing surface of the container, and transmits the sunlight concentrated by the light concentrating device; the reaction unit is held in the container and the sample are conveyed into the reaction unit.

Abstract: A first prism member includes a plurality of light condensing structures that are formed at the front surface and condense the light having entered thereat and a plurality of deflecting structures which deflect light having been condensed via the light condensing structures and output the deflected light; a second prism member includes an entrance surface set so as to face opposite the rear surface of the first prism member; and the light having been deflected and output by the deflecting structures of the first prism member enters the second prism member through the entrance surface of the second prism member, is guided toward the exit surface as the light is reflected at the reflecting structure and at the entrance surface inside the second prism member, and exits through the exit surface.

Abstract: A first prism member includes a plurality of light condensing structures that are formed at the front surface and condense the light having entered thereat and a plurality of deflecting structures which deflect light having been condensed via the light condensing structures and output the deflected light; a second prism member includes an entrance surface set so as to face opposite the rear surface of the first prism member; and the light having been deflected and output by the deflecting structures of the first prism member enters the second prism member through the entrance surface of the second prism member, is guided toward the exit surface as the light is reflected at the reflecting structure and at the entrance surface inside the second prism member, and exits through the exit surface.

Abstract: A circuit forming method having the step of forming, on an insulating board or a metallic foil layer, a resist pattern layer for patterning the metallic foil layer to be laminated to the board with a predetermined circuit by means of etching or lift-off, wherein the resist pattern layer forming step comprises the steps of forming an electric field distribution latent image corresponding to the circuit pattern by illuminating a predetermined area on a surface of a photoconductor charged beforehand with light for removing the charge of the surface of the photoconductor, forming a resist image corresponding to the circuit pattern by attaching a resist member charged reversely with respect to the latent image to the latent image, and transferring the resist image to the board or the metallic foil layer as the resist pattern layer.

Abstract: A read-only magneto-optical disk comprises at least a substrate and a magnetic layer built up thereon. The magnetic layer has a track with a second micro region .alpha..sub.1 (corresponding to a pit or mark) in which magnetization can be directed in a predetermined direction .uparw. under spot irradiation of a reproduction laser and a first micro region .alpha..sub.0 in which magnetization cannot be directed in the predetermined direction under the laser irradiation. Defining one of the micro regions as an information unit, information is expressed by presence or absence of the information unit, or by a length thereof. In a method and apparatus for reproducing from the disk, when the region .alpha..sub.1 is located within a heat-storing region a in the irradiation spot, the coercivity therein drops, and the magnetization is directed in the predetermined direction .uparw. under influence of an auxiliary magnetic field .uparw. (as if heat-visualized).

Abstract: A method for producing an electrochromic device, comprises the steps of:(a) preparing a 5-layered laminate structure consisting of:A: electrode layer;B: reductive coloring electrochromic layer;C: ionic conductive layer;D.sub.0 : dispersion layer consisting of metallic iridium and a dispersion medium; andE: electrode layer;wherein at least one of the electrode layers A, E is transparent; and(b) applying an AC voltage between the electrode layers A and E in a gas atmosphere containing oxygen or water vapor, thereby converting the metallic iridium in the layer D.sub.0 into oxide or hydroxide.

Abstract: An eyeglass frame for supporting an optical member having an electrooptical device and a pair of electrodes exposed in different peripheral positions, comprises a front part providing a rim for supporting the optical member, the front part including first and second front members which constitute different parts of the rim, are composed of conductive metal and are mutually insulated electrically, wherein the first front member is in contact with a first peripheral part including one of the paired electrodes of the optical member while the second front member is in contact with a second peripheral part including the other of the paired electrodes, and the eyeglass frame comprises an electric power source for applying a voltage between the first and second front members, for electric supply to the electrooptical device.

Abstract: An electrochromic device comprises a first electrode layer, a second electrode layer, an electrochromic layer provided between the first and second electrode layers, an electroconductive resin layer provided on the side opposite to the electrochromic layer with respect to the second electrode layer so as to contact the second electrode layer and a third electrode layer with resistance value lower than that of the second electrode layer. The third electrode layer is provided on the side opposite to the second electrode layer with respect to the electroconductive resin layer so as to contact the electroconductive resin layer. The electrochromic device further comprises means for giving a potential difference between the first electrode layer and the third electrode layer.

Abstract: An electrochromic device including one electrode layer (A), a cathodically coloring electrochromic layer (B), an ionic conductive layer (C) if required, a reversibly oxidizable layer (D) and another electrode layer (E), at least one of the one electrode layer (A) and the other electrode layer (E) being transparent, and at least one of the cathodically coloring electrochromic layer (B), the ionic conductive layer (C) and the reversibly oxidizable layer (D) being adapted to contain protons or include a proton source for emitting protons upon application of a voltage.

Abstract: An improvement in an all solid type electrochromic display element comprising a first electrode, a first oxidation-reduction reaction film layer, an insulating film layer, a second oxidation-reduction reaction film layer and a second electrode laminated in this order. The improvement is characterized in that only one of the first and second oxidation-reduction film layers is patterned.

Abstract: The all solid-state ECD of the present invention features a structure composed of an oxidizable film capable of a redox reaction and showing a change in the transmittance in a certain wavelength range in the oxidized state, a reducible film capable of a redox reaction and showing a change in the transmittance in a certain wavelength range in the reduced state, an insulating film provided between said films and allowing proton conduction but prohibiting electron conduction, and a pair of electrodes between which said three films are maintained, wherein said oxidizable film is substantially composed of iridium hydroxide and/or nickel hydroxide, while said reducible film is substantially composed of tungsten oxide and/or molybdenum oxide.The ECD shows several faster response speeds, a significantly reduced voltage and the change in the transmittance improved more than six times with a drive voltage reduced to 1/8.