Abstract: A laser apparatus includes a laser oscillator; an acousto-optic modulation unit including a first acousto-optic modulator that diffracts a laser beam from the laser oscillator when a first ultrasonic wave is applied and a second acousto-optic modulator that diffracts a higher order beam output from the first acousto-optic modulator when a second ultrasonic wave is applied; and an amplifier that amplifies the laser beam from the acousto-optic modulation unit, a propagation direction of the first ultrasonic wave relative to a diffracted direction of the higher order beam emitted from the first acousto-optic modulator and a propagation direction of the second ultrasonic wave relative to a diffracted direction of a higher order beam emitted from the second acousto-optic modulator being different.

Abstract: An ethylene/tetrafluoroethylene copolymer satisfying the following formula (1): 75? tan ?(60)/tan ?(5)×100?225??(1) wherein peak intensities, determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, of vibrations derived from a —CF2H group, a —CF2CH2COF group, a —COF group, a —COOH group, a dimer of a —CF2COOH group and a monomer of a CF2CH2COOH group, a —COOCH3 group, a —CONH2 group, and a —CH2OH group satisfy the following formula (2): PIA/(PIB+PIC+PID+PIE+PIF+PIG+PIH)?0.60??(2) wherein the loss tangents (tan ?) and peak intensities (PI) are as defined herein.

Abstract: The invention provides a molded article containing a specific fluororesin and having excellent hydrophilicity. The molded article containing the fluororesin has a melt flow rate of 1.00 g/10 min or lower and a water contact angle of 90° or smaller. The fluororesin contains at least one copolymer selected from the group consisting of a copolymer containing a tetrafluoroethylene unit and a perfluoro(alkylvinylether) unit and a copolymer containing a tetrafluoroethylene unit and a hexafluoropropylene unit.

Abstract: A method for producing a fluoropolymer, which includes polymerizing a fluoromonomer in a solvent to produce the fluoropolymer. The solvent contains a fluorine-containing ether compound (1) represented by formula:R1—O—R2 wherein R1 represents a partially fluorinated alkyl group, and R2 represents a non-fluorinated alkyl group, a partially fluorinated alkyl group, or a completely fluorinated alkyl group, and in the solvent, a content of a fluorine-containing olefin compound (2) represented by formula:R3—CF?CF—R4—O—R2 wherein R3 represents H, F, a partially fluorinated alkyl group, or a completely fluorinated alkyl group, R4 represents a single bond, a partially fluorinated alkylene group, or a completely fluorinated alkylene group, and R2 is the same as described above, is 1.00% by mass or less based on a content of the fluorine-containing ether compound (1), and wherein the fluoromonomer is selected from tetrafluoroethylene, chlorotrifluoroethylene, and vinylidene fluoride.

Abstract: Provided is a formed article containing a modified polytetrafluoroethylene, wherein the modified polytetrafluoroethylene contains tetrafluoroethylene unit and a modifying monomer unit based on a modifying monomer copolymerizable with tetrafluoroethylene, wherein a content of the modifying monomer unit in the modified polytetrafluoroethylene is 0.001 to 1% by mass based on the total amount of tetrafluoroethylene unit and the modifying monomer unit, and wherein the formed article has a thickness of 100 ?m or more, and is provided by irradiation with radiation having an acceleration voltage of 30 to 300 kV.

Abstract: An ethylene/tetrafluoroethylene copolymer satisfying the following formula (1): 75?tan ?(60)/tan ?(5)×100?225??(1) wherein peak intensities, determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, of vibrations derived from a —CF2H group, a —CF2CH2COF group, a —COF group, a —COOH group, a dimer of a —CF2COOH group and a monomer of a CF2CH2COOH group, a —COOCH3 group, a —CONH2 group, and a —CH2OH group satisfy the following formula (2): PIA/(PIB+PIC+PID+PIE+PIF+PIG+PIH)?0.60??(2) wherein the loss tangents (tan?) and peak intensities (PI) are as defined herein.

Abstract: Provided is a copolymer consisting essentially of ethylene units, tetrafluoroethylene units, and hexafluoropropylene units, wherein a molar ratio (Et units/TFE units) of the ethylene (Et) units to the tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) units is 52.0/48.0 to 56.0/44.0, and a content of the hexafluoropropylene units is 19.0 to 21.0 mol % based on the total monomer units constituting the copolymer.

Abstract: An ethylene/tetrafluoroethylene copolymer satisfying the following formula (1), wherein peak intensities, determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, of vibrations derived from a —CF2H group, a —CF2CH2COF group, a —COF group, a —COOH group, a dimer of a —CF2COOH group and a monomer of a CF2CH2COOH group, a —COOCH3 group, a —CONH2 group, and a —CH2OH group satisfy the following formula (2): 75?tan ?(60)/tan ?(5)×100?225??(1) PIA/(PIB+PIC+PID+PIE+PIF+PIG+PIH)?0.60??(2) wherein tan ?(60), tan ?(5), PIA, PIB, PIC, PID, PIE, PIF, PIG and PIH are as defined in the specification. Also disclosed is a molded article obtained by molding the ethylene/tetrafluoroethylene copolymer and an electric wire including a core and a coat formed from the ethylene/tetrafluoroethylene copolymer.

Abstract: The invention provides a process for producing a modified molded article capable of providing a diaphragm that is less likely to generate particles. The process for producing a modified molded article includes: molding modified polytetrafluoroethylene containing a tetrafluoroethylene unit and a modifying monomer unit based on a modifying monomer copolymerizable with tetrafluoroethylene to provide a molded article; and irradiating the molded article with not lower than 30 kGy but lower than 70 kGy of radiation at 270° C. to 310° C. to provide a modified molded article.

Abstract: The present invention aims to provide a method for producing a modified molded article that has favorable appearance, high breaking strength, and excellent abrasion resistance, as well as excellently low permeability to nitrogen gas and hydrochloric acid. The method for producing a modified molded article of the present invention includes molding a fluororesin to provide a molded article and irradiating the molded article with radiation at an irradiation dose of lower than 100 kGy at 50° C. to 200° C. to provide a modified molded article.

Abstract: An ethylene/tetrafluoroethylene copolymer satisfying the following formula (1), wherein peak intensities, determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, of vibrations derived from a —CF2H group, a —CF2CH2COF group, a —COF group, a —COOH group, a dimer of a —CF2COOH group and a monomer of a CF2CH2COOH group, a —COOCH3 group, a —CONH2 group, and a —CH2OH group satisfy the following formula (2): 75?tan ?(60)/tan ?(5)×100?225 ??(1) PIA/(PIB+PIC+PID+PIE+PIF+PIG+PIH)?0.60 ??(2) wherein tan ?(60), tan ?(5), PIA, PIB, PIC, PID, PIE, PIF, PIG and PIH are as defined in the specification. Also disclosed is a molded article obtained by molding the ethylene/tetrafluoroethylene copolymer and an electric wire including a core and a coat formed from the ethylene/tetrafluoroethylene copolymer.

Abstract: The invention provides a process for producing a modified molded article capable of providing a diaphragm that is less likely to generate particles. The process for producing a modified molded article includes: molding modified polytetrafluoroethylene containing a tetrafluoroethylene unit and a modifying monomer unit based on a modifying monomer copolymerizable with tetrafluoroethylene to provide a molded article; and irradiating the molded article with not lower than 30 kGy but lower than 70 kGy of radiation at 270° C. to 310° C. to provide a modified molded article.

Abstract: The invention provides a molded article containing a specific fluororesin and having excellent hydrophilicity. The molded article containing the fluororesin has a melt flow rate of 1.00 g/10 min or lower and a water contact angle of 90° or smaller. The fluororesin contains at least one copolymer selected from the group consisting of a copolymer containing a tetrafluoroethylene unit and a perfluoro(alkylvinylether) unit and a copolymer containing a tetrafluoroethylene unit and a hexafluoropropylene unit.

Abstract: A method for producing a modified molded article which includes molding a fluororesin to provide a molded article and irradiating the molded article with radiation at an irradiation dose of lower than 100 kGy at 50° C. to 200° C. to provide a modified molded article.

Abstract: The present invention aims to provide a method for producing a modified molded article that has favorable appearance, high breaking strength, and excellent abrasion resistance, as well as excellently low permeability to nitrogen gas and hydrochloric acid. The method for producing a modified molded article of the present invention includes molding a fluororesin to provide a molded article and irradiating the molded article with radiation at an irradiation dose of lower than 100 kGy at 50° C. to 200° C. to provide a modified molded article.

Abstract: A modified fluorine-containing copolymer obtained by irradiating a copolymer with radiation at a temperature of not higher than the melting point of the copolymer. The copolymer includes at least one copolymer selected from a copolymer including a tetrafluoroethylene unit and a perfluoro(alkyl vinyl ether) unit and a copolymer including a tetrafluoroethylene unit and a hexafluoropropylene unit, and has 10 to 10000 functional groups in total per 106 carbon atoms.

Abstract: A heat-resistant electric wire including a core wire and a coating that covers the core wire. The coating is formed from a modified fluorine-containing copolymer that is obtained by irradiating a copolymer with radiation at an exposure of 250 kGy or lower at a temperature of not higher than the melting point of the copolymer. The copolymer is at least one copolymer selected from a copolymer including a tetrafluoroethylene unit and a perfluoro(alkyl vinyl ether) unit and a copolymer including a tetrafluoroethylene unit and a hexafluoropropylene unit.

Abstract: A method for producing a modified molded article which includes molding a fluororesin to provide a molded article and irradiating the molded article with radiation at an irradiation dose of lower than 100 kGy at 50° C. to 200° C. to provide a modified molded article.

Abstract: A modified fluorine-containing copolymer obtained by irradiating a copolymer with radiation at a temperature of not higher than the melting point of the copolymer. The copolymer includes at least one copolymer selected from a copolymer including a tetrafluoroethylene unit and a perfluoro(alkyl vinyl ether) unit and a copolymer including a tetrafluoroethylene unit and a hexafluoropropylene unit, and has 10 to 10000 functional groups in total per 106 carbon atoms.

Abstract: A heat-resistant electric wire including a core wire and a coating that covers the core wire. The coating is formed from a modified fluorine-containing copolymer that is obtained by irradiating a copolymer with radiation at an exposure of 250 kGy or lower at a temperature of not higher than the melting point of the copolymer. The copolymer is at least one copolymer selected from a copolymer including a tetrafluoroethylene unit and a perfluoro(alkyl vinyl ether) unit and a copolymer including a tetrafluoroethylene unit and a hexafluoropropylene unit.