Abstract: A staff for electronic level comprises a substrate where a short-range barcode 14 is engraved, and in the staff for electronic level, said short-range barcode is a barcode obtained by scaling down a barcode 13 for regular measurement and reversing the monochrome.

Abstract: An electronic level for receiving a reflection light from a pattern marked on a leveling rod and for determining a height of sighting position and a distance to the leveling rod is disclosed. The electronic level comprises an electronic level main unit, a sighting optical system accommodated in the electronic level main unit and for sighting the leveling rod, a line sensor for receiving a part of reflection light, and a control arithmetic unit for calculating a height of sighting position and a distance to the leveling rod based on signals from the line sensor. The electronic level has a crude measurement mode and a precise measurement mode, wherein the crude measurement mode is initiated by the control arithmetic unit, and the measurement mode is changed over to the precise measurement mode by detecting the pattern based on a photodetection signal from said line sensor by measurement.

Abstract: A staff for electronic level comprises a substrate where a short-range barcode 14 is engraved, and in the staff for electronic level, said short-range barcode is a barcode obtained by scaling down a barcode 13 for regular measurement and reversing the monochrome.

Abstract: A method and system for managing a transaction for updating tables of a database. An access order specifying a temporal order for updating tables of the database is stored. A received data request specifies records to be updated in the database for the transaction. The records identified in the data request are copied from the database to a virtual data area. It is determined from a list of updated records that the records identified in the data request have been updated in the virtual data area. It is ascertained that each record identified in the data request has not been updated in the database since the records were copied to the virtual data area. The list of updated records is sorted according to the temporal order in the access list. The database is updated by replacing in the database the records identified in the sorted list.

Abstract: A method and system to enable communications between components using a single procedure so that a user is not required to consider compatibility among protocols when programming or maintaining programs. A data communication class which enables communications regardless of matching among protocols, a data communication interface, and an implementation class for each protocol are prepared so as to operate or develop an application program. The data communication class is initialized in the application program and a communication interface calls a communication method from its instances. The communication data is passed as an argument of the communication method. When a data communication instance is generated, the implementation class corresponding to a protocol specified for the property is set in the instance.

Abstract: A method and system for managing a transaction for updating tables of a database. An access order specifying a temporal order for updating tables of the database is stored. A received data request specifies records to be updated in the database for the transaction. The records identified in the data request are copied from the database to a virtual data area. It is determined from a list of updated records that the records identified in the data request have been updated in the virtual data area. It is ascertained that each record identified in the data request has not been updated in the database since the records were copied to the virtual data area. The list of updated records is sorted according to the temporal order in the access list. The database is updated by replacing in the database the records identified in the sorted list.

Abstract: A method and system to enable communications between components using a single procedure so that a user is not required to consider compatibility among protocols when programming or maintaining programs. A data communication class which enables communications regardless of matching among protocols, a data communication interface, and an implementation class for each protocol are prepared so as to operate or develop an application program. The data communication class is initialized in the application program and a communication interface calls a communication method from its instances. The communication data is passed as an argument of the communication method. When a data communication instance is generated, the implementation class corresponding to a protocol specified for the property is set in the instance.