Abstract: The present disclosure provides a toughened resin composition, which includes: (A) a toughened and modified compound, which includes a polybenzoxazine compound, an anhydride grafted olefin polymer, and a diisocyanate compound; and (B) a thermosetting polymer; wherein, in the toughened and modified compound, the diisocyanate compound forms a bond with the polybenzoxazine compound and the anhydride grafted olefin polymer, respectively. The present disclosure has high toughness and excellent mechanical properties; thus, it may have a wide range of applications in the fields of electronics, aerospace, and the like.