Abstract: According to an aspect of the invention, an optical functional element includes a substrate, a semiconductor element portion, and a light emitting element portion. The semiconductor element portion includes a first part of a semiconductor multi layer structure formed on the substrate. The light emitting element portion includes a second part of the semiconductor multi layer structure and light emitting element structure formed on the second part of the semiconductor multi layer structure.

Abstract: A semiconductor laser apparatus has a Zener diode containing a first semiconductor region of a first conduction type and a second semiconductor region of a second conduction type joined with the first semiconductor region, and a vertical-cavity surface-emitting semiconductor laser diode stacked above the Zener diode and containing at least a first mirror layer of a first conduction type, a second mirror layer of a second conduction type and an active region sandwiched between the first and second mirror layers. The first semiconductor region and the second mirror layer are electrically connected and the second semiconductor region and the first mirror layer are electrically connected.

Abstract: A surface emitting semiconductor laser includes a substrate, a lower reflective mirror formed on the substrate, an active layer formed on the lower reflective mirror, an upper reflective mirror formed on the active layer, an optical mode controlling layer formed between the lower reflective mirror and the upper reflective mirror, and a current confining layer formed between the lower reflective mirror and the upper reflective mirror. The active layer emits light. The upper reflective mirror forms a resonator between the lower reflective mirror and the upper reflective mirror. In the optical mode controlling layer, an opening is formed for selectively absorbing or reflecting off light that is emitted in the active layer. The optical mode controlling layer optically controls mode of laser light. The current confining layer confines current that is applied during driving.

Abstract: A self-scanning light source head comprising: a substrate, surface emitting semiconductor lasers arranged in an array on the substrate, and at least one thyristor disposed on the substrate and serving as a switching element selectively turning ON and OFF light emission of the surface emitting semiconductor lasers, and an image forming apparatus using the same are provided.

Abstract: A surface emitting semiconductor laser includes a substrate, a lower reflective mirror formed on the substrate, an active layer formed on the lower reflective mirror, an upper reflective mirror formed on the active layer, an optical mode controlling layer formed between the lower reflective mirror and the upper reflective mirror, and a current confining layer formed between the lower reflective mirror and the upper reflective mirror. The active layer emits light. The upper reflective mirror forms a resonator between the lower reflective mirror and the upper reflective mirror. In the optical mode controlling layer, an opening is formed for selectively absorbing or reflecting off light that is emitted in the active layer. The optical mode controlling layer optically controls mode of laser light. The current confining layer confines current that is applied during driving.

Abstract: According to an aspect of the invention, an optical functional element includes a substrate, a semiconductor element portion, and a light emitting element portion. The semiconductor element portion includes a first part of a semiconductor multi layer structure formed on the substrate. The light emitting element portion includes a second part of the semiconductor multi layer structure and light emitting element structure formed on the second part of the semiconductor multi layer structure.

Abstract: A self-scanning light source head comprising: a substrate, surface emitting semiconductor lasers arranged in an array on the substrate, and at least one thyristor disposed on the substrate and serving as a switching element selectively turning ON and OFF light emission of the surface emitting semiconductor lasers, and an image forming apparatus using the same are provided.

Abstract: A manufacturing method for a three-dimensional structural body includes sequentially bonding/transferring and laminating plural cross-sectional form members, each held in space above a first substrate through a coupling member and a frame member and corresponding to a slice pattern of the three-dimensional structural body, onto a second substrate.

Abstract: A surface emitting semiconductor laser includes a substrate, a lower reflective mirror formed on the substrate, an active layer formed on the lower reflective mirror, an upper reflective mirror formed on the active layer, an optical mode controlling layer formed between the lower reflective mirror and the upper reflective mirror, and a current confining layer formed between the lower reflective mirror and the upper reflective mirror. The active layer emits light. The upper reflective mirror forms a resonator between the lower reflective mirror and the upper reflective mirror. In the optical mode controlling layer, an opening is formed for selectively absorbing or reflecting off light that is emitted in the active layer. The optical mode controlling layer optically controls mode of laser light. The current confining layer confines current that is applied during driving.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a vertical cavity surface emitting laser formed by laminating a plurality of layers on a substrate, includes coupling two layers of the plurality of layers by joining at room temperature or joining while heating.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a vertical cavity surface emitting laser formed by laminating a plurality of layers on a substrate, includes coupling two layers of the plurality of layers by joining at room temperature or joining while heating.

Abstract: A semiconductor laser apparatus has a Zener diode containing a first semiconductor region of a first conduction type and a second semiconductor region of a second conduction type joined with the first semiconductor region, and a vertical-cavity surface-emitting semiconductor laser diode stacked above the Zener diode and containing at least a first mirror layer of a first conduction type, a second mirror layer of a second conduction type and an active region sandwiched between the first and second mirror layers. The first semiconductor region and the second mirror layer are electrically connected and the second semiconductor region and the first mirror layer are electrically connected.

Abstract: A manufacturing method for a three-dimensional structural body includes sequentially bonding/transferring and laminating plural cross-sectional form members, each held in space above a first substrate through a coupling member and a frame member and corresponding to a slice pattern of the three-dimensional structural body, onto a second substrate.

Abstract: A reflective-type multi-color display device is capable of obtaining a vivid and bright multi-color display with less display layers, and therefore, with a state where a parallax is decreased and a cost of the device can be reduced. Specifically, the display device of the present invention includes a cell 51 having a display layer 31 comprising a right-handed cholesteric liquid crystal which selects and reflects blue, a cell 53 having a display layer 33 comprising a left-handed cholesteric liquid crystal which selects and reflects green, a cell 57 having a display layer 37 comprising a right-handed cholesteric liquid crystal which selects and reflects yellow and a cell 55 having a display layer 35 comprising a left-handed cholesteric liquid crystal which selects and reflects red, these layers being laminated in this order from the observation side. A color filter 43 which transmits red and absorbs the other color light is provided between the cell 57 and the cell 55.

Abstract: A cholesteric liquid crystal display capable of rewriting at a high speed is provided, which includes a cholesteric liquid crystal display element forming pixels at intersection portions of scan-electrodes of a scan-electrode group and data-electrodes of a data-electrode group, in which L-lines (L: integer lager than 2) of the scan-electrodes each of the scan-electrode group form a block. The drive circuit sequentially selects one block during one selection time, simultaneously applies coded drive voltages each corresponding to the L-lines of the scan-electrodes in the selected block, and applies coded data-voltages each corresponding to data-electrodes of the data-electrode group synchronously with the drive voltages.

Abstract: A bright, and contrasty reflective display can be performed without using polarizer films, and display switching can be performed fast. A ferroelectric liquid crystal is sandwiched between substrates, and electrodes are formed face to face with each other in a direction parallel to the substrates. The ferroelectric liquid crystal, when no electric field is applied to it, goes into a planer state in which a helical axis becomes perpendicular to or almost perpendicular to the substrates, selectively reflecting light of specific wavelengths in a visible region. A driving circuit applies an electric field between the electrodes in a direction perpendicular to or almost perpendicular to the helical axis of the ferroelectric liquid crystal in the planer state.

Abstract: A reflective-type multi-color display device is capable of obtaining a vivid and bright multi-color display with less display layers, and therefore, with a state where a parallax is decreased and a cost of the device can be reduced. Specifically, the display device of the present invention includes a cell 51 having a display layer 31 comprising a right-handed cholesteric liquid crystal which selects and reflects blue, a cell 53 having a display layer 33 comprising a left-handed cholesteric liquid crystal which selects and reflects green, a cell 57 having a display layer 37 comprising a right-handed cholesteric liquid crystal which selects and reflects yellow and a cell 55 having a display layer 35 comprising a left-handed cholesteric liquid crystal which selects and reflects red, these layers being laminated in this order from the observation side. A color filter 43 which transmits red and absorbs the other color light is provided between the cell 57 and the cell 55.

Abstract: A display device having a memory property capable of maintaining a displayed information even in a state of being separated away from a power source as a result of decreasing the effect of external noise. The display device is detachably attached to a control unit that includes a drive circuit and a power source for driving the display device. The display device has a memory property and maintains the displayed image even in a state of being detached from the control unit. An input protection portion which is an electric load such as resistor, IC or capacitor is provided for the input portion leading to matrix electrodes from the connection terminals for electrically connecting the display device to the control unit. This prevents the infiltration of noise through the connection terminals and lowers a change in the displayed image.

Abstract: A reflective-type multi-color display device is capable of obtaining a vivid and bright multi-color display with less display layers, and therefore, with a state where a parallax is decreased and a cost of the device can be reduced. Specifically, the display device of the present invention includes a cell 51 having a display layer 31 comprising a right-handed cholesteric liquid crystal which selects and reflects blue, a cell 53 having a display layer 33 comprising a left-handed cholesteric liquid crystal which selects and reflects green, a cell 57 having a display layer 37 comprising a right-handed cholesteric liquid crystal which selects and reflects yellow and a cell 55 having a display layer 35 comprising a left-handed cholesteric liquid crystal which selects and reflects red, these layers being laminated in this order from the observation side. A color filter 43 which transmits red and absorbs the other color light is provided between the cell 57 and the cell 55.

Abstract: A cholesteric liquid crystal display capable of rewriting at a high speed is provided, which includes a cholesteric liquid crystal display element forming pixels at intersection portions of scan-electrodes of a scan-electrode group and data-electrodes of a data-electrode group, in which L-lines (L: integer lager than 2) of the scan-electrodes each of the scan-electrode group form a block. The drive circuit sequentially selects one block during one selection time, simultaneously applies coded drive voltages each corresponding to the L-lines of the scan-electrodes in the selected block, and applies coded data-voltages each corresponding to data-electrodes of the data-electrode group synchronously with the drive voltages.