Abstract: A synthetic double-layered permanganate material including a synthetic double-layered hydroxide material modified such that permanganate anion is included to a level greater than approximately 20% of the theoretical anion exchange capacity of the hydroxide material within its interstices.

Abstract: Packaging apparatus and method, for use in controlled atmosphere packaging of horticultural produce in controlled permeability film. A valve apparatus mounted on or in a packaging film including a temperature sensitive sensor formed from a bimetallic or shape-memory material (2), or a chemical sensitive sensor formed from a swellable polymer, to actuate the valve member (pin or plug) (1) on, or in communication with the sensor. In use, after sealing the produce within the packaging film, the valve apparatus opens the packaging film in response to a temperature change of predetermined magnitude to allow oxygen flow for extension of storage life or fumigation of the produce.

Abstract: A process for producing a titanium product, which process includes: providing a titanium-containing material; and a leaching composition including: a source of ammonia or ammonium ions; a source of carbon dioxide or carbonate ions; and water; and contacting the titanium-containing material with the leaching composition to form an aqueous slurry for a time sufficient such to form a soluble titanium leach product; and isolating a leaching solution containing the titanium leach product so formed.