Abstract: Non-replicating, antigenic, human bocavirus virus-like particles (HBoV VLPs) are provided by the present invention along with assays using the HBoV VLPs to detect anti-HBoV antibodies in a biological sample. Pharmaceutical compositions including HBoV VLPs and/or anti-HBoV antibodies are described herein along with novel antibodies generated using HBoV VLPs as an antigen. A recombinant baculovirus is provided including a DNA sequence encoding an expressible human bocavirus VP2 with or without a DNA sequence encoding an expressible human bocavirus VP1 polypeptide, and/or a non-HBoV peptide or protein, and culturing the cells to form the VP1 and/or VP2 proteins that self assemble to form the HBoV VLPs which are then amenable to isolation.