Abstract: A method of screening protein crystal growth conditions with picogram to microgram amounts of protein in picoliter or nanoliter volumes is provided. A preferred method comprises a microarray with a plurality of microchambers in the microarray. A protein solution is placed into the micro-chambers by an automated dispensing mechanism. The protein crystal growth conditions of each of the micro-chambers is adjusted so that the protein crystal growth conditions in at least two of the micro-chambers differs. Crystallization of the protein solution in the micro-chambers is effected. For example, crystallization can be effected by a precipitate solution and/or placing an oil barrier over the protein solution. Protein crystal growth in the micro-chambers is then observed.

Abstract: An improved method of screening crystal growth conditions is provided wherein molecules are crystallized from solutions containing dyes. These dyes are selectively incorporated or associated with crystals of particular character thereby rendering crystals of particular character colored and improving detection of the dyed crystals. A preferred method involves use of dyes in protein solutions overlayed by oil. Use of oil allows the use of small volumes of solution and facilitates the screening of large numbers of crystallization conditions in arrays using automated devices that dispense appropriate solutions to generate crystallization trials, overlay crystallization trials with an oil, provide appropriate conditions conducive to crystallization and enhance detection of dyed (colored) or undyed (uncolored) crystals that result.

Abstract: The present invention provides novel biophotonic sensors that have molecular recognition with high sensitivity for target molecules. In one embodiment, the biophotonic sensors have capture moieties with high specificity for molecules of interest (target molecules) and biophotonic conjugates. The biophotonic conjugates exhibit a characteristic photonic activity only when a target molecule is bound. This characteristic photonic activity may include, but is not limited to, either a qualitative response or a measurable change in photonic characteristics upon interaction of the sensors with the target molecules. Methods are also provided for use of the biophotonic sensors to detect molecules of interest either in vitro, in vivo, or in situ.