Abstract: A learned model is caused to learn by machine learning by using: a correct answer image obtained by performing first reduction processing for image reduction on an original image obtained by photographing a predetermined object to be photographed by a first image pickup system; and a training image obtained by performing second reduction processing for image reduction on the original image and performing, on an image as a result of the second reduction processing, blur addition processing for correcting a contrast difference due to a difference in a number of pixels between the image as the result of the second reduction processing and a processing target image photographed by a second image pickup system.

Abstract: An image generation apparatus for machine learning performs reduction processing on components in at least part of a frequency band higher than a Nyquist frequency of a training image, for a candidate correct answer image with a resolution higher than the training image, and generate a correct answer image. The correct answer image and the training image are used as a pair for machine learning to improve a resolving power of an input image.

Abstract: Defocus simulation processing is performed for a region on an optical axis of a first imaging system and a region other than on the optical axis in a training image, based on a transfer function or a point spread function on the optical axis. One or more processors use a trained model to generate an output image in which a blur of a processing target image which is an image captured by the first imaging system is corrected, and estimates an object distance of the processing target image. The one or more processors acquire a filter characteristic associated with the estimated object distance from a correction table, and performs blur adjustment processing for the output image using the acquired filter characteristic.

Abstract: An information processing system includes: a memory section configured to store a trained model trained by machine learning with a data set including a training image group and a true image; and a processing section configured to use the trained model to correct a blur caused by defocus of a first imaging system in a processing target image which is an image captured by the first imaging system. Defocus simulation processing is performed for a region on an optical axis of the first imaging system and a region other than on the optical axis in each training image of a plurality of training images, based on a transfer function or a point spread function on the optical axis. The trained model is trained by machine learning so that each of the training images is the true image.

Abstract: An endoscope system according to the present invention includes: a first illuminating portion that emits first illumination lights having low-spatial-frequency and high-spatial-frequency and changes the intensity distribution of the first illumination lights over time; a second illuminating portion that emits a second illumination light; an imaging unit that images first and second illumination images of an subject respectively illuminated by the first and second illumination lights; and an image-processing portion that processes the first and second illumination images. The imaging unit images four images including images that correspond to the first illumination lights having low-spatial-frequency and high-spatial-frequency and images in which light and dark portions of the first illumination lights are exchanged with each other.

Abstract: An illumination optical system includes a diffusion element that diffuses illumination light entering from a light source, the diffusion element emitting the illumination light. The diffusion element is formed by dispersing fine particles of at least one kind in a homogeneous medium that is made of a material different from the fine particles, and the diffusion element satisfies a specific conditional expressions.

Abstract: An endoscope according to the present invention includes an insertion section, a forward observation window and a forward illumination system disposed at a distal end surface of the insertion section, a lateral observation window and a lateral illumination system disposed toward a proximal end, and an image capturing element captures an image of light. The forward illumination system includes a scattering element surrounding the forward observation window, and light guide fibers that cause illumination light from a light source to enter, toward a distal end, input locations arranged in a circumferential direction at a proximal end of the scattering element. The scattering element is constituted by dispersing particles in a homogenous medium, and satisfies the conditional expressions 0.06??s?100 and 0.7?g<1, where ?s indicates a scattering coefficient (1/mm) of the scattering element and g indicates an anisotropy parameter of the particles.

Abstract: An endoscope system of the present invention includes: a first illumination unit that emits first illumination light for imaging two sets of image information about a subject at different depths; a second illumination unit that emits second illumination light having a wide band covering a visible band from a position different from the position of the first illumination light; an imaging unit that images a first illumination image and a second illumination image of the subject that is illuminated with the first illumination light and the second illumination light; a separation processing unit that separates the two sets of image information from the first illumination image; and a separated-image generating unit that generates two separated images by processing the second illumination image using the two sets of image information.

Abstract: An endoscope system according to the present invention includes: a second illumination unit that emits second illumination light; a first illumination unit that emits, simultaneously with the second illumination light, first illumination light that is light of a different wavelength band from the second illumination light and is for imaging two sets of image information about a subject different depths; an imaging unit that simultaneously images a first illumination image of the subject illuminated with the first illumination light and a second illumination image of the subject illuminated with the second illumination light; a separation processing unit that separates the two sets of image information from the first illumination image; and a separated-image creating unit that processes the second illumination image using the two sets of image information to create separated images.

Abstract: An endoscope system according to the present invention includes: an illumination unit that radiates illumination light onto a subject, the illumination light having a spatially non-uniform intensity distribution including a light section and a dark section in a beam cross section orthogonal to an optical axis; an imaging unit that images an illumination image of the subject irradiated with the illumination light; and a separation processor that generates two separate images from the illumination image. Among intensity values of pixels within the illumination image respectively corresponding to the light section, the dark section, and a section having intermediate intensity between the light section and the dark section, the separation processor generates the two separate images based on at least two of the intensity values.

Abstract: An endoscope system of the present invention includes: a first illumination unit that emits first illumination light for imaging two sets of image information about a subject at different depths; a second illumination unit that emits second illumination light having a wide band covering a visible band from a position different from the position of the first illumination light; an imaging unit that images a first illumination image and a second illumination image of the subject that is illuminated with the first illumination light and the second illumination light; a separation processing unit that separates the two sets of image information from the first illumination image; and a separated-image generating unit that generates two separated images by processing the second illumination image using the two sets of image information.

Abstract: An illumination optical system according to the present invention is provided with: an illumination-light guiding portion configured to guide illumination light emitted from a light source portion; and an illumination-light deflecting portion configured to emit the illumination light guided thereto by the illumination-light guiding portion after deflecting the illumination light by means of reflection, wherein, in one cross-section along a direction in which the illumination light travels, the illumination-light guiding portion has a pair of total reflection surfaces in which the distance therebetween gradually increases in a forward traveling direction of the illumination light, and the illumination-light deflecting portion is provided with an emission surface from which the illumination light guided by the illumination-light guiding portion is emitted, and a reflection surface that has a convex shape facing the emission surface and that reflects the illumination light guided by the illumination-light guidin

Abstract: An endoscope system according to the present invention includes: a first illuminating portion that emits first illumination lights having low-spatial-frequency and high-spatial-frequency and changes the intensity distribution of the first illumination lights over time; a second illuminating portion that emits a second illumination light; an imaging unit that images first and second illumination images of an subject respectively illuminated by the first and second illumination lights; and an image-processing portion that processes the first and second illumination images. The imaging unit images four images including images that correspond to the first illumination lights having low-spatial-frequency and high-spatial-frequency and images in which light and dark portions of the first illumination lights are exchanged with each other.

Abstract: An endoscope system according to the present invention includes: a second illumination unit that emits second illumination light; a first illumination unit that emits, simultaneously with the second illumination light, first illumination light that is light of a different wavelength band from the second illumination light and is for imaging two sets of image information about a subject different depths; an imaging unit that simultaneously images a first illumination image of the subject illuminated with the first illumination light and a second illumination image of the subject illuminated with the second illumination light; a separation processing unit that separates the two sets of image information from the first illumination image; and a separated-image creating unit that processes the second illumination image using the two sets of image information to create separated images.

Abstract: An endoscope system of the present invention includes: a first illumination unit that emits first illumination light for imaging two sets of image information about a subject at different depths; a second illumination unit that emits second illumination light having a wide band covering a visible band from a position different from the position of the first illumination light; an imaging unit that images a first illumination image and a second illumination image of the subject that is illuminated with the first illumination light and the second illumination light; a separation processing unit that separates the two sets of image information from the first illumination image; and a separated-image generating unit that generates two separated images by processing the second illumination image using the two sets of image information.

Abstract: An endoscope system according to the present invention includes: an illumination unit that radiates illumination light onto a subject, the illumination light having a spatially non-uniform intensity distribution including a light section and a dark section in a beam cross section orthogonal to an optical axis; an imaging unit that images an illumination image of the subject irradiated with the illumination light; and a separation processor that generates two separate images from the illumination image. Among intensity values of pixels within the illumination image respectively corresponding to the light section, the dark section, and a section having intermediate intensity between the light section and the dark section, the separation processor generates the two separate images based on at least two of the intensity values.

Abstract: An image capturing device includes: an image capturing system having an optical axis; and at least one illumination system disposed at a position so as to surround the optical axis. The illumination system includes: a reflective surface deflecting part of illumination light; a refractive surface deflecting the other part of the illumination light and the illumination light reflected by the reflective surface; and an emission surface from which the illumination light refracted by the refractive surface is emitted. In a cross section including the optical axis, the reflective surface has an area inclined in such a direction as to become farther away from the optical axis, the refractive surface has an area inclined in such a direction as to approach the optical axis and is disposed between the reflective and emission surfaces. The emission end is disposed at a radial position between rear ends of the refractive and reflective surfaces.

Abstract: An endoscope according to the present invention includes an insertion section, a forward observation window and a forward illumination system disposed at a distal end surface of the insertion section, a lateral observation window and a lateral illumination system disposed toward a proximal end, and an image capturing element captures an image of light. The forward illumination system includes a scattering element surrounding the forward observation window, and light guide fibers that cause illumination light from a light source to enter, toward a distal end, input locations arranged in a circumferential direction at a proximal end of the scattering element. The scattering element is constituted by dispersing particles in a homogenous medium, and satisfies the conditional expressions 0.06??s?100 and 0.7?g<1, where ?s indicates a scattering coefficient (1/mm) of the scattering element and g indicates an anisotropy parameter of the particles.

Abstract: An illumination optical system includes a diffusion element that diffuses illumination light entering from a light source, the diffusion element emitting the illumination light. The diffusion element is formed by dispersing fine particles of at least one kind in a homogeneous medium that is made of a material different from the fine particles, and the diffusion element satisfies a specific conditional expressions.

Abstract: An image capturing device includes: an image capturing system having an optical axis; and at least one illumination system disposed at a position so as to surround the optical axis. The illumination system includes: a reflective surface deflecting part of illumination light; a refractive surface deflecting the other part of the illumination light and the illumination light reflected by the reflective surface; and an emission surface from which the illumination light refracted by the refractive surface is emitted. In a cross section including the optical axis, the reflective surface has an area inclined in such a direction as to become farther away from the optical axis, the refractive surface has an area inclined in such a direction as to approach the optical axis and is disposed between the reflective and emission surfaces. The emission end is disposed at a radial position between rear ends of the refractive and reflective surfaces.