Abstract: The present invention relates to an electrode, wherein a substrate comprises a porous carbon material and an electroconductive polymer layer formed by an electrolytic polymerization method is provided substantially on the substrate; the electrode, wherein the porous carbon material comprises at least one porous carbon material selected from the group consisting of a carbon paper, a carbon fiber, a porous carbon sheet and an activated carbon sheet; and an actuator having the above electrode as a counter electrode.

Abstract: In order to obtain actuator elements capable of being displaced such as expansion and contract or bending for practical use even when used as actuator elements with larger size, stacked layers or bundles in which conductive polymer-containing layers or fiber-like tubes are provided with conductive polymer composite structures which include conductive substrates and conductive polymers, said conductive substrates have deformation property, and conductivity of said conductive substrates is not less than 1.0×103 S/cm are used.

Abstract: In order to obtain actuator elements capable of being displaced such as expansion and contract or bending for practical use even when used as actuator elements with larger size, stacked layers or bundles in which conductive polymer-containing layers or fiber-like tubes are provided with conductive polymer composite structures which include conductive substrates and conductive polymers, said conductive substrates have deformation property, and conductivity of said conductive substrates is not less than 1.0×103 S/cm are used.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an electrode, wherein a substrate comprises a porous carbon material and an electroconductive polymer layer formed by an electrolytic polymerization method is provided substantially on the substrate; the electrode, wherein the porous carbon material comprises at least one porous carbon material selected from the group consisting of a carbon paper, a carbon fiber, a porous carbon sheet and an activated carbon sheet; and an actuator having the above electrode as a counter electrode.

Abstract: A filmy object containing an electrically conductive polymer, characterized in that (1) the electrically conductive polymer is one obtained by the electrolytic polymerization method and (2) upon immersion in a good solvent, the filmy object expands to come to have a film surface area larger by 30% or more than the film surface area before the immersion.

Abstract: In polypyrrole films obtained by a process for producing polypyrrole films comprising the steps of forming polypyrrole layers on working electrodes by electrochemical polymerization methods using pyrroles and/or pyrrole derivatives, followed by stripping off said polypyrrole layers, wherein said electrochemical polymerization methods use electrolytes including organic compounds comprising at least one bond or one functional group of ether bond, ester bond, carbonate bond, hydroxyl group, nitro group, sulfone group, and nitryl group and/or halogenated hydrocarbon as lo solvents and wherein said electrolytes include anions including trifluoromethanesulfonate ion and/or plural of fluorine atoms which bond to central atom and said working electrodes are metal electrodes, conductivity can be stably sustainable in the presence of oxygen and are excellent in mechanical strength.

Abstract: In order to obtain actuator elements capable of being displaced such as expansion and contract or bending for practical use even when used as actuator elements with larger size, stacked layers or bundles in which conductive polymer-containing layers or fiber-like tubes are provided with conductive polymer composite structures which include conductive substrates and conductive polymers, said conductive substrates have deformation property, and conductivity of said conductive substrates is not less than 1.0×103 S/cm are used.

Abstract: A process for producing conductive polymers with excellent electrochemical strain per redox cycle is provided. A process for producing conductive polymers by an electrochemical polymerization method, wherein said conductive polymers have deformation property by electrochemical redox, said electrochemical polymerization method is a polymerization method using electrolyte including organic compounds as solvents, and wherein said organic compounds include (1) chemical bond species selected at least one from a group composed of the chemical bond consisting of ether bond, ester bond, carbon-halogen bond, and carbonate bond and/or (2) functional groups selected at least one from a group composed of functional groups consisting of hydroxyl group, nitro group, sulfone group, and nitryl group in a molecule, and said electrolyte includes anions which include trifluoromethanesulfonate ion and/or plural of fluorine atoms which bond to central atom is used.