Abstract: Disclosed is a clathrate compound comprising an organic peroxide as a guest compound and at least one of natural and derived cyclodextrins as a host compound.

Abstract: A chemically modified photoelectrochemical cell including at least one cathode and a plurality of anodes, at least said plurality of anodes being constituted with a semiconductor, each of said plurality of anodes being formed by fixing through covalent bonds molecules of at least one sensitizer dye on the surface of a light-transmissible flat plate of an n-type semiconductor or a light-transmissible flat plate covered with a thin film of an n-type semiconductor, and said plurality of anodes being disposed parallelly to each other and in the form of layers in an electrolyte solution, together with said at least one cathode. Thus, since this photoelectrochemical cell can convert photoenergy of a longer wavelength to electric energy with a high efficiency by making the use of the dye sensitization effect, sufficient practical utility to the photodevices is obtained.

Abstract: A method of preparing para-chlorotoluene by the electrolytic chlorination of toluene in an aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride or a metal halide as an electrolyte by passing an electric current from a cathode to an anode, both of which are immersed in the electrolyte, in order to form an active chlorine species which then reacts with toluene to produce the desired para-toluene. The anode is made of a carbonaceous material having cyclodextrin or a derivative thereof bonded onto its surface. The toluene that is introduced into the aqueous solution of electrolyte is included as a clathrate compound within the cyclodextrin.

Abstract: An internally reflective, dye sensitized, wet-type photocell suitably adaptable as a photosensitive element or a solar cell, comprising anodes and cathodes immersed in an electrolyte solution containing a reduction-oxidation agent and dye sensitizers. Each of the anodes is provided with a light inlet end adapted for the introduction of light into the interior thereof, and a surface layer portion of an n-type semiconductive substance so that light introduced through the light inlet end to the interior of the anode is reflected a plurality of times so as to absorb the energy of the light to generate a voltage. Thus, since the dye sensitizing effect is efficiently utilized, the photocell enables the conversion efficiency of photo energy to electric energy to improve sufficiently for practical uses.