Abstract: A zoom lens and a photographing apparatus including the same. The zoom lens includes, in an order from an object side: a first lens group having negative refractive power; a second lens group having positive refractive power; a third lens group having positive refractive power; and a fourth lens group having an iris on a side of the fourth lens group closest to the object side and positive refractive power, wherein, while zooming from a wide angle position to a telephoto position, the first through fourth lens groups are moved such that the interval between the first and second lens groups increases, the interval between the second and third lens groups decreases, and the interval between the third and fourth lens groups decreases, and focusing is performed by moving the third lens group.

Abstract: A zoom lens and a photographing apparatus including the same. The zoom lens includes, in an order from an object side: a first lens group having negative refractive power; a second lens group having positive refractive power; a third lens group having positive refractive power; and a fourth lens group having an iris on a side of the fourth lens group closest to the object side and positive refractive power, wherein, while zooming from a wide angle position to a telephoto position, the first through fourth lens groups are moved such that the interval between the first and second lens groups increases, the interval between the second and third lens groups decreases, and the interval between the third and fourth lens groups decreases, and focusing is performed by moving the third lens group.

Abstract: Device structure 100 for iontophoresis provides electrode 101 and electrically conductive layer 102. Electrically conductive layer 102 contains active ingredient D and basic water swelling methacrylate copolymer P1 and/or acidic water swelling methacrylate copolymer P2. Electrode 101 and electrically conductive layer 102 are placed into a hollow of backing 103 and electrode terminal 104 is connected to electrode 101 through backing 103. Adhesive layer 105 is set around backing 103, and liner 106 to be removed when using the device, is placed so as to cover the hollow of backing 103.

Abstract: Device structure 100 for iontophoresis provides electrode 101 and electrically conductive layer 102. Electrically conductive layer 102 contains active ingredient D and basic water swelling methacrylate copolymer P1 and/or acidic water swelling methacrylate copolymer P2. Electrode 101 and electrically conductive layer 102 are placed into a hollow of backing 103 and electrode terminal 104 is connected to electrode 101 through backing 103. Adhesive layer 105 is set around backing 103, and liner 106 to be removed when using the device, is placed so as to cover the hollow of backing 103.

Abstract: Device structure 100 for iontophoresis provides electrode 101 and electrically conductive layer 102. Electrically conductive layer 102 contains active ingredient D and basic water swelling methacrylate copolymer P1 and/or acidic water swelling methacrylate copolymer P2. Electrode 101 and electrically conductive layer 102 are placed into a hollow of backing 103 and electrode terminal 104 is connected to electrode 101 through backing 103. Adhesive layer 105 is set around backing 103, and liner 106 to be removed when using the device, is placed so as to cover the hollow of backing 103.

Abstract: A zoom lens includes, in an order from an object side, a first lens group having positive refractive power; a second lens group having negative refractive power; a third lens group having positive refractive power; and a fourth lens group having positive refractive power, and in which, during power variation from a wide-angle end to a telephoto end, a distance between the first lens group and the second lens group increases, a distance between the second lens group and the third lens group decreases, and a distance between the third lens group and the fourth lens group decreases, and the zoom lens includes at least one cemented-triplet lens block having negative refractive power, in the fourth lens group.

Abstract: There is provided a zoom lens which includes, in an order from an object side, a first lens group having positive refractive power; a second lens group having negative refractive power; a third lens group having positive refractive power; and a fourth lens group having positive refractive power, and in which, during power variation from a wide-angle end to a telephoto end, a distance between the first lens group and the second lens group increases, a distance between the second lens group and the third lens group decreases, and a distance between the third lens group and the fourth lens group decreases, and the zoom lens includes at least one cemented-triplet lens block having negative refractive power, in the fourth lens group.

Abstract: There is provided a zoom lens including, in an order from an object side: a first lens group having positive refractive power; a second lens group having negative refractive power; a third lens group having positive refractive power; and a fourth lens group having positive refractive power. During zooming from a wide-angle end to a telephoto end, the first lens group, the third lens group, and the fourth lens group move toward an object side such that a distance between the first lens group and the second lens group increases, a distance between the second lens group and the third lens group decreases, and a distance between the third lens group and the fourth lens group decreases, and the zoom lens satisfies the following conditional formulae (1) and (2): 1.8<f3/fw<5, and ??(1) ?2.5<2×D3/f2<?1.5.

Abstract: A zoom optical system according to the present invention is provided with, in order from an object side thereof: a first lens group having a negative refractive power; a second lens group having a positive refractive power; a third lens group having a negative refractive power; and a fourth lens group having a positive refractive power. The zoom optical system moves at least the second lens group and the third lens group for zooming operation from a wide-angle end to a telephoto end. The zoom optical system moves the third lens group for a focusing operation. The first lens group is provided with, in order from the object side of the zoom optical system, a meniscus lens having a negative refractive power whose concave surface faces an image side of the zoom optical system, a reflective optical element, and at least one lens.

Abstract: A zoom optical system according to the present invention is provided with, in order from an object side thereof: a first lens group having a negative refractive power; a second lens group having a positive refractive power; a third lens group having a negative refractive power; and a fourth lens group having a positive refractive power. The zoom optical system moves at least the second lens group and the third lens group for zooming operation from a wide-angle end to a telephoto end. The zoom optical system moves the third lens group for a focusing operation. The first lens group is provided with, in order from the object side of the zoom optical system, a meniscus lens having a negative refractive power whose concave surface faces an image side of the zoom optical system, a reflective optical element, and at least one lens.

Abstract: A variable magnification optical system for forming an optical image of an object on the light-receiving surface of an image sensor with variable magnification includes: from an object side, a first lens unit having a positive optical power, a second lens unit having a negative optical power, a third lens unit having a positive optical power, a fourth lens unit having a positive optical power, and a fifth lens unit. In magnification variation from the wide-angle end to the telephoto end, the first lens unit, the third lens unit, and the fifth lens unit are kept in fixed positions whereas the second lens unit and the fourth lens unit move. The third lens unit includes, from the object side, a positive lens element having a biconvex form, and a negative lens element having a form concave to an image side. The negative lens element has an aspherical surface.

Abstract: An electrode structure is provided which is capable of efficiently using a material that can be a non-polarized electrode component, allowing the material to fully demonstrate the effect as the non-polarized electrode and maintaining the performance. This electrode structure comprises an insulating base (13), a polarized component layer (first layer) (12) laminated on the insulating base so as not to penetrate the insulating base, the polarized component layer comprising a conductive paste or metallic foil which is predominantly made of a component that can be a polarized electrode, and a non-polarized component layer (second layer) (11) provided on the polarized component layer, the non-polarized component layer comprising a conductive paste which is predominantly made of a component that can be a non-polarized electrode.

Abstract: There is provided an electrode structure in which cracks are hardly generated in the bending processed portions, in particular, in the electrode layer and the insulating layer. The electrode structure comprises a support (3) having bending processed portions (4), an electrode layer (1) formed on the support so as to pass over the bending processed portions (4), and an insulating layer (2) formed on the electrode layer (1) passing over the bending processed portions (4). The glass transition temperature of the dielectric material forming the insulating layer (2) is made to be 25° C. or below. The electrode layer (1) includes at least one material belonging to the group consisting of silver, silver chloride and carbon, and in particular, a terminal portion (5) of the electrode layer (1) passing over the bending processed portions (4) is formed of a paste containing carbon as the main component.

Abstract: Device structure 100 for iontophoresis provides electrode 101 and electrically conductive layer 102. Electrically conductive layer 102 contains active ingredient D and basic water swelling methacrylate copolymer P1 and/or acidic water swelling methacrylate copolymer P2. Electrode 101 and electrically conductive layer 102 are placed into a hollow of backing 103 and electrode terminal 104 is connected to electrode 101 through backing 103. Adhesive layer 105 is set around backing 103, and liner 106 to be removed when using the device, is placed so as to cover the hollow of backing 103.

Abstract: A zoom lens system for forming an image of an object on a solid state imaging device includes a first lens unit having a positive optical power and being movable in a zooming operation; a second lens unit having a negative optical power; and a third lens unit having a positive optical power. The system satisfies at least one the following conditions: 0.8<M1WM/M1MT<2.5; 0.2<&Dgr;&bgr;3/&Dgr;&bgr;2<1.0; 0.7<m1/Z<3.0; 1.0<img*R<15.0; 1.0<max(T1, T2, T3)<4; and 4.

Abstract: A zoom lens system has, from the object side, a first lens unit having a optical power, a second lens unit having a negative optical power a third lens unit having a positive optical power, and a succeeding lens unit. The first and the third lens units monotonically move toward the object side during zooming from the shortest focal length condition to the longest focal length condition. A number of predetermined conditions are disclosed which can be satisfied to ensure a high quality, compact zoom lens for a digital camera.

Abstract: A zoom lens system has four or five lens units with the optical powers being +/-/+/- or +/-/+/+/-, respectively, from the object side. The image side lens unit has a negative optical power and is movable, along with at least one other lens unit, in a zooming operation. The zoom lens system satisfies the following conditions: 0.6<LBw/fw<1.7 and 0.6<.vertline.fN/fw.vertline.<1.7, where LBw represents a back focus length at the shortest focal length condition; fw represents a focal length of the zoom lens system at the shortest focal length condition; and fN represents a focal length of the image side lens unit. The lens system can be employed with a solid state imaging device, and an optical low-pass filter and an infrared blocking filter can be positioned between the lens system and the imaging unit.

Abstract: A zoom lens system has at least three lens units of, from the most object side, a first lens unit having a negative optical power, a second lens unit having a positive optical power and a third lens unit, wherein the distances between the lens units are varied by moving all of the lens units during zooming. The zoom lens system satisfies the predetermined mathematical condition.

Abstract: A lens testing apparatus detects and evaluates inclination of the image plane as caused by decentering of an optical system. The apparatus has an image provider, a plurality of focusing position detectors, and a calculator. The image provider provides an image to a lens system to be tested for decentering. The detectors detect a focusing position on which light rays exiting from the lens system focus. The calculator calculates inclination of the image plane based on the focusing position detected by the detectors.

Abstract: An apparatus of for measuring roughness of a road surface such as convex, concave or inclination is to be mounted on the vehicle. The apparatus comprises a rotation driving member for generating rotation motion in vertical plane and for outputting a signal concerning its rotation angle. An inclinometer is provided to detect an inclined angle of the rotation driving member. A distance measuring member for measuring distance from road surface as being rotated by the rotation motion from said rotation driving member. A processing unit calculates a vertical distance and a horizontal distance between the apparatus and the road surface by means of the inclined angle detected by the inclinometer and the rotation angle detected by the rotation driving member.