Abstract: Good images are formed without density irregularity even if an image supporting body varies with time. Potentials at developing locations after exposing the surface of an a-Si photoconductive body, which are recorded in a potential attenuation characteristic map, are compared with seven ranges A-G obtained by dividing the surface of the a-Si photoconductive body at every 6-volt interval to detect deviations of the potentials from a prescribed potential Vl (step S2). Individual blocks all over the surface of the a-Si photoconductive body are classified to A-G, and the exposure values are set in accordance with A-G so that Vl of the individual blocks on the surface of the a-Si photoconductive body belongs to D range (step S3). An input image undergoes image processing after its entire plane being divided into blocks corresponding to the surface of the photoconductive body (steps S4 and S5).

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes an image bearing member capable of being rotated, a first charging unit, an electrostatic image forming unit, a developing unit, and a second charging unit. The first charging unit is capable of being rotated in the same direction as a rotational direction of the image bearing member with being in contact with the image bearing member, and is capable of charging the image bearing member and toner on the image bearing member. The electrostatic image forming unit is capable of forming an electrostatic image on the image bearing member charged by the first charging unit. The developing unit is capable of collecting the toner on the image bearing member and visualizing the electrostatic image.

Abstract: A golf club shaft is 35-50 percent lighter than a conventional shaft while maintaining the outer diameter and structural characteristics of conventional shafts. The shaft has at least four layers of fiber reinforced material. The fiber reinforced layers are from innermost to outermost: a first angled layer; a first straight layer; a second angled layer; and a second straight layer. The angled layers are formed by bonding together two materials, each with fibers aligned in different directions. The second angled layer maintains the proper strength and rigidity of the shaft while keeping the shaft as light weight as possible. Aligning the second layer's fibers at an angle of 35-75 degrees with respect to the longitudinal direction of the shaft ensures proper weight and strength characteristics of the shaft. The resulting shaft is light-weight and exhibits the flexural rigidity, flexural strength, torsional rigidity, torsional strength, and crushing strength of conventional shafts.

Abstract: A golf club shaft is 35-50 percent lighter than a conventional shaft while maintaining the outer diameter and structural characteristics of conventional shafts. The shaft has at least four layers of fiber reinforced material. The fiber reinforced layers are from innermost to outermost: a first angled layer; a first straight layer; a second angled layer; and a second straight layer. The angled layers are formed by bonding together two materials, each with fibers aligned in different directions. The second angled layer maintains the proper strength and rigidity of the shaft while keeping the shaft as light weight as possible. Aligning the second layer's fibers at an angle of 35-75 degrees with respect to the longitudinal direction of the shaft ensures proper weight and strength characteristics of the shaft. The resulting shaft is light-weight and exhibits the flexural rigidity, flexural strength, torsional rigidity, torsional strength, and crushing strength of conventional shafts.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes an image bearing member capable of being rotated, a first charging unit, an electrostatic image forming unit, a developing unit, and a second charging unit. The first charging unit is capable of being rotated in the same direction as a rotational direction of the image bearing member with being in contact with the image bearing member, and is capable of charging the image bearing member and toner on the image bearing member. The electrostatic image forming unit is capable of forming an electrostatic image on the image bearing member charged by the first charging unit. The developing unit is capable of collecting the toner on the image bearing member and visualizing the electrostatic image.

Abstract: A golf club shaft having an optimal set of materials and sloped sections provides appropriately high rigidity, ease of use, and is inexpensive and easy to manufacture. A sloped section expands toward a grip end of the shaft. The sloped section has a slope gradient from 15/1000 to 35/1000 and a length from 200 to 350 mm. The outer diameter of the grip end is from 18 to 25 mm. On the side of the sloped section toward an end, there is formed a semi-sloped section with a slope gradient from 4/1000 to 13/1000. A kick point is formed at a position from 40% to 46% from the small-diameter end relative to the total shaft length. The number of required parts is small while production is simple. The shaft is light, has appropriate hardness, and high rigidity at the grip. Furthermore, the strength of the shaft is balanced and provides a good feel when hitting a ball. Production of the golf club shaft can be accomplished with standard materials such as fiber-reinforced resins.

Abstract: When pixels in a two-dimensional matrix are divided into lines A and B in the column (or row) direction (sub-scanning direction) and two neighboring pixels in the row (or column) direction are subjected to gradation correction respectively using characteristic curves for lines A and B, the characteristic curve for line B unpreferably has a stepwise characteristic portion having a step when it is stored in an LUT, due to quantization errors unique to digital values. Hence, the characteristic curve for line A is set to be decreased by the amount corresponding to the step.

Abstract: When maximum density of an output image is lowered by a gamma correction, the number of tones is reduced and the tonality of the output image declines. In order to solve this problem, a pattern generator (215) is caused to generate a toned pattern and the gain of a D/A converter of a PWM circuit (212) is controlled so as to output a test pattern having a density ranging from maximum pulse width Pff(50%) to maximum pulse width Pff(100%) for each color component (step S1). Image information that has been read (step S2) from the test pattern is converted to density information (step S3), and Pff is set (step S4) from the relationship between Pff and image density based upon coordinate information provided by the test pattern.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus that increases the relative resolution of a small image to be output for recording. When the image forming apparatus is used for copying an image of an original document, when the size of an image to be output is not greater than a predetermined size, a CPU controls a resolution switching unit for increasing the resolution to form an image with increased resolution.

Abstract: The invention intends to relatively increase resolution when the size of an image to be output for recording is small, enabling even a gradation image to be visually perceived with satisfactory quality. To this end, in a disclosed image forming apparatus for copying an image of an original document set on a reading apparatus, when the size of an image to be output is not larger than a predetermined size, a CPU controls a resolution switching section to increase resolution, thereby forming the image with the increased resolution.

Abstract: An image processing apparatus for performing pulse-width modulation processing based on input image data. A maximum pulse width of a pulse signal, which can be outputted as a modulation signal obtained by the pulse width modulation, is changed in accordance with an image processing mode.

Abstract: A golf club shaft and a method especially suited for producing the shaft that provides appropriately high rigidity and ease of use and that allows inexpensive and easy manufacture.

Abstract: A golf club shaft is 35-50 percent lighter than a conventional shaft while maintaining the outer diameter and structural characteristics of conventional shafts. The shaft has at least four layers of fiber reinforced material. The fiber reinforced layers are from innermost to outermost: a first angled layer; a first straight layer; a second angled layer; and a second straight layer. The angled layers are formed by bonding together two materials, each with fibers aligned in different directions. The second angled layer maintains the proper strength and rigidity of the shaft while keeping the shaft as light weight as possible. Aligning the second layer's fibers at an angle of 35-75 degrees with respect to the longitudinal direction of the shaft ensures proper weight and strength characteristics of the shaft. The resulting shaft is light-weight and exhibits the flexural rigidity, flexural strength, torsional rigidity, torsional strength, and crushing strength of conventional shafts.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus forms an image on a medium by using an output device. A pattern signal for forming a predetermined pattern image on the medium is generated, and image forming parameters for the output device are determined on the basis of the density of the pattern image formed on the medium. The determined image forming parameters are transmitted via bidirectional communication to an external computer or other image forming apparatus.

Abstract: A system which utilizes plural image forming apparatus, equalizes gradation characteristics of images commonly output from such plural image forming apparatus. When the system includes three color copying apparatus, at first a test pattern image based on data from a pattern generator is output from the color copying apparatus. The prepared image is read by the reader of the color copying apparatus, and, based on the read data, the correction data of a table (LUT) are calibrated for obtaining density data for a laser beam. The calibration of the correction data of the color copying apparatus are conducted in a similar manner using, however, the reader of the same copying apparatus for reading the test pattern. It is therefore, rendered possible to exclude the influence of the difference in the reader characteristics on the calibration, and to equalize the gradation characteristics when the copying apparatus are used as printers.

Abstract: A liquid raw material is heated to its boiling point or higher at a vaporizer to mix the vaporized ingredient gas and a carrier gas at a mixer at predetermined concentrations. The flow of the mixed gas is adjusted while the mixed gas is heated to over its condensing point and the temperature thereof is kept. Subsequently, the mixed gas is fed to a reactor for epitaxial growth while the mixed gas is heated to over its condensing point and the temperature thereof is kept. When the temperature of a heating medium is kept constant at the vaporizer to vaporize the liquid raw material and the feeding amount of the liquid into the vaporizer is adjusted by the pressure of the gas inside the vaporizer, the liquid surface level can be controlled to be constant.

Abstract: An image processing apparatus for subjecting input image data to a density conversion includes three dot isolation circuits which subject the pixels on each of a plurality of lines adjoining in the sub-scan direction to a density conversion in accordance with a different predetermined conversion characteristic (LUT) for each line. Though each dot separation circuit deals with a different number of lines of image data to undergo a density conversion, the predetermined conversion characteristics can be set in advance in such a manner that the density values of a plurality of pixels on adjoining line will be preserved if an overall view of the reproduced image is taken.

Abstract: An image processing apparatus and method which inputs multivalued image data capable of m-level representation, performs image processing on the input data, and converts the processed data into multivalued image data capable of n-level (m<n) tonality. Upon forming an image on a print medium based on input image data, the image is formed such that the difference between an image density D(x) of the image formed on a print medium at a tonality level x and an image density D(x+1) of an image formed on the print medium at the next tonality level x+1 satisfies D(x+1) -D(x).ltoreq.A.times.D(x) (A.ltoreq.0.08) (A.ltoreq.0.08). Further, a pattern signal having a rectified sine wave having a predetermined period is generated, and a pulse-width modulated signal for generating a beam is generated by performing pulse-width modulation on the input image data based on the pattern signal.

Abstract: A liquid raw material is heated to its boiling point or higher at a vaporizer to mix the vaporized ingredient gas and a carrier gas at a mixer at predetermined concentrations. The flow of the mixed gas is adjusted while the mixed gas is heated to over its condensing point and the temperature thereof is kept. Subsequently, the mixed gas is fed to a reactor for epitaxial growth while the mixed gas is heated to over its condensing point and the temperature thereof is kept. When the temperature of a heating medium is kept constant at the vaporizer to vaporize the liquid raw material and the feeding amount of the liquid into the vaporizer is adjusted by the pressure of the gas inside the vaporizer, the liquid surface level can be controlled to be constant.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes an input unit for inputting image data representing an image, a synthesizing unit for synthesizing a predetermined information with the image represented by the image data, a forming unit for forming an image in accordance with the image data, a detecting unit for detecting a condition relating to an image forming by the forming unit, and a controlling unit for controlling the synthesis by the synthesizing unit based on the detection result of the detecting unit. An image forming method is also disclosed.