Abstract: An optical waveguide includes a diamond layer including a first surface, a second surface and a diamond layer including a complex defect; a first clad layer in contact with the first surface; a second clad layer in contact with the second surface and including a polarity; and a metal layer in Schottky contact with the second clad layer.

Abstract: A method of controlling an energy saving mode in an image forming apparatus having hardware resources used in an image forming process and programs for performing the image forming process includes a step of letting the image forming apparatus enter into an energy saving mode in a standby state in which the image forming apparatus is not used, and a step of recovering at least part of functions of the image forming apparatus in response to setting of a data carrier in the image forming apparatus, said data carrier being in a possession of an operator.

Abstract: A method of controlling an energy saving mode in an image forming apparatus having hardware resources used in an image forming process and programs for performing the image forming process includes a step of letting the image forming apparatus enter into an energy saving mode in a standby state in which the image forming apparatus is not used, and a step of recovering at least part of functions of the image forming apparatus in response to setting of a data carrier in the image forming apparatus, said data carrier being in a possession of an operator.

Abstract: A method of setting functions in an image forming apparatus having hardware resources used in an image forming process and programs for performing the image forming process includes a step of reading an information content of a data carrier that is in a possession of an operator, and a step of setting a function of the image forming apparatus in response to the read information content.

Abstract: A communication terminal device that transmits electronic mail through a network by a mail system thereon, is provided in which the communication terminal device receives delivery confirmation mail from the mail system when an electronic mail transmission by the mail system was successful, and error mail from the mail system when the electronic mail transmission was failed. When the communication terminal device has received the delivery confirmation mail or the error mail, it stores a result of the electronic mail transmission including in its memory.

Abstract: A communications data terminal apparatus that is capable of performing a plurality of communications controls includes a first communications controller performing communications functions including V.8 and V.34 procedures, a second communications controller performing a modem function having a data signaling rate slower than that of the first communications controller. A timer counts a predetermined time period after the first controller sends a CM signal during a calling mode, or a JM signal during a receiving mode.

Abstract: A facsimile apparatus capable of sending and receiving image data by use of a transmission control procedure based on the G3 (Group III) standard of ITU-T (International Telecommunication Union--Telecommunication Standardization Sector) Recommendations, and a transmission control procedure based on ITU-T Recommendation V.34. Whether or not to continue resending image data is determined on the basis of a resending condition or conditions known by a transmitting station or a receiving station. The apparatus enhances efficient communication and reliability.

Abstract: A facsimile system includes a transmitting unit and a receiving unit which is connected to the transmitting unit by a telephone line. The facsimile system performs a pre-message procedure between the transmission unit and the receiving unit before the transmitting unit transmits the image information to the receiving unit. A part of the pre-message procedure is omitted on the basis of the condition of the transmitting unit and the receiving unit.