Abstract: A luminescence cell having a novel structure includes a transparent conductor having a surface on which first and second regions are defined. A first electroluminescence element, including a first organic layer containing an organic luminescence material and a first electrode laminated on the first organic layer, is arranged on the first region. A second electroluminescence element, including a second organic layer containing an organic luminescence material and a second electrode laminated on the second organic layer, is arranged on the second region. The first electrode is physically separated from the second electrode. The first layer is physically separated from the second layer. The first and second organic layers emit light when current flows between the first and second electrodes. The light emitted from the organic layer passes through the transparent conductor and exits the luminescence cell.

Abstract: A file to be transferred to a printer can be specified by specifying, on a TransferManager screen, the transfer file in a folder lower than a “Library” folder in hierarchy and attaching it to a folder of the transfer-destination printer lower than a “Transfer Manager” folder in hierarchy. In this case, by selecting the transfer-destination printer in a printer selection list box, only a file of data of such a type as to be printable in that printer is displayed in a details display region. Therefore, a user can select a file easily because he need not remember which printer can print which type of data or refer to a manual. Further, he will not encounter an error due to mistaken transfer of a file of unprintable data.

Abstract: In a bottom emission type light-emitting apparatus, a face of a substrate, which is opposite from a light-emitting device, is an uneven surface having a plurality of asperities. The mean spacing Sm of adjacent asperities or the mean spacing S of peaks of adjacent projections of the asperities is no less than three times the longest wavelength of light generated by the light-emitting layer and no more than two hundred times the longest wavelength. The arithmetic mean slope ?a of the uneven surface is in a range between 3° and 20°, inclusive. Therefore, the apparatus substantially has higher extraction efficiency and a higher brightness in a specific direction.

Abstract: In a light-emitting apparatus, a face of a substrate on which a light-emitting device is formed is an uneven surface having a plurality of asperities. The mean spacing Sm of adjacent asperities or the mean spacing S of peaks of adjacent projections of the asperities is no less than three times the longest wavelength of light generated by a light-emitting layer and no more than two hundred times the longest wavelength. The arithmetic mean slope ?a of the uneven surface is in a range between 4° and 30°, inclusive. Therefore, the apparatus emits substantially a greater amount of light from a light extraction side and has less brightness unevenness than a light-emitting apparatus with no uneven surface.

Abstract: After entering a transparent substrate 9 of an organic EL device and passing through this substrate 9, an outside light L1 further passes through a transparent layer 10, a transparent electrode 12, and an organic light emitting layer 13 to be reflected by a reflective electrode 14. Herein, the reflective electrode 14 has irregularities and therefore the outside light L1 is diffused and reflected by this at various angles. These reflected lights are further diffused when passing through a boundary between the organic light emitting layer 13 and the transparent electrode 12 and through an irregularity surface 11 of the transparent layer 10, and outgo from the transparent substrate 9 toward a liquid crystal panel.

Abstract: In a light-emitting apparatus, a face of a substrate on which a light-emitting device is formed is an uneven surface having a plurality of asperities. The mean spacing Sm of adjacent asperities or the mean spacing S of peaks of adjacent projections of the asperities is no less than three times the longest wavelength of light generated by a light-emitting layer and no more than two hundred times the longest wavelength. The arithmetic mean slope ?a of the uneven surface is in a range between 4° and 30°, inclusive. Therefore, the apparatus emits substantially a greater amount of light from a light extraction side and has less brightness unevenness than a light-emitting apparatus with no uneven surface.

Abstract: In a bottom emission type light-emitting apparatus, a face of a substrate, which is opposite from a light-emitting device, is an uneven surface having a plurality of asperities. The mean spacing Sm of adjacent asperities or the mean spacing S of peaks of adjacent projections of the asperities is no less than three times the longest wavelength of light generated by the light-emitting layer and no more than two hundred times the longest wavelength. The arithmetic mean slope ?a of the uneven surface is in a range between 3° and 20°, inclusive. Therefore, the apparatus substantially has higher extraction efficiency and a higher brightness in a specific direction.

Abstract: In a bottom emission type light-emitting apparatus, a face of a substrate, which is opposite from a light-emitting device, is an uneven surface having a plurality of asperities. The mean spacing Sm of adjacent asperities or the mean spacing S of peaks of adjacent projections of the asperities is no less than three times the longest wavelength of light generated by the light-emitting layer and no more than two hundred times the longest wavelength. The arithmetic mean slope ?a of the uneven surface is in a range between 3° and 20°, inclusive. Therefore, the apparatus substantially has higher extraction efficiency and a higher brightness in a specific direction.

Abstract: A display unit has first and second substrates, a liquid crystal display, an organic electroluminescent display, a reflector and a plurality of common electrodes. The liquid crystal display is located between the substrates. The organic electroluminescent display is located between the first substrate and the liquid crystal display. The organic electroluminescent display has an organic electroluminescent layer. The reflector reflects a light that passes through the organic electroluminescent layer and the liquid crystal display. The common electrodes are commonly used for both displays. Pixels are formed on both displays. In each display, each pixel is located at a position that corresponds to one of the common electrodes.

Abstract: A luminescence cell having a novel structure includes a transparent conductor having a surface on which first and second regions are defined. A first electroluminescence element, including a first organic layer containing an organic luminescence material and a first electrode laminated on the first organic layer, is arranged on the first region. A second electroluminescence element, including a second organic layer containing an organic luminescence material and a second electrode laminated on the second organic layer, is arranged on the second region. The first electrode is physically separated from the second electrode. The first layer is physically separated from the second layer. The first and second organic layers emit light when current flows between the first and second electrodes. The light emitted from the organic layer passes through the transparent conductor and exits the luminescence cell.

Abstract: In an electroluminescent element, a first electrode having first and second opposite surfaces is layered on a substrate so as to contact the substrate on its first surface. A luminescent layer containing a light-emitting layer is layered on the first electrode so as to contact the second surface of the first electrode. A second electrode having first and second opposite surfaces is layered on the luminescent layer so as to contact the luminescent layer on its first surface. The second surface of the second electrode is at least partially exposed. A first terminal is provided on the second surface of the first electrode at a portion that does not contact the luminescent layer. A second terminal is partially formed in the exposed portion. At least one of the first and second electrodes is transparent. The first and second terminals are connected to a power source.

Abstract: An organic electroluminescent element has a substrate, a first electrode, an organic layer, a second electrode, a sealing member, a first terminal, and a through hole. The first electrode is layered on the substrate. The organic layer that includes a light-emitting layer is layered on the first electrode. The second electrode is layered on the organic layer. The sealing member partially covers the second electrode. A portion of the second electrode, which is not covered with the sealing member, functions as a second terminal. The first terminal is provided on the sealing member on a side opposite to the second electrode. The through hole extends through the sealing member, the second electrode, and the organic layer and is used for connecting the first electrode and the first terminal. The first electrode and the second electrode are electrically connected to a power source.

Abstract: A color display improves the contrast of a shown image without decreasing an open area ratio. A color electroluminescent display of the present invention has electroluminescent elements provided on a black insulation layer. A predetermined space exists between each adjacent pair of the electroluminescent elements. Filter elements are provided on the electroluminescent elements. The interface between each adjacent pair of the filter elements extends along the thickness direction of the color electroluminescent display and is aligned with one of the spaces.

Abstract: A light emitting device has an electroluminescence device, an optical resonant structure and a fluorescent layer disposed over a substrate. The substrate has an incident surface and a light emitting surface opposite to the incident surface. The electroluminescence device is formed on the incident surface side of the substrate, for emitting light having a peak at a wavelength of no more than 490 nm. The optical resonant structure is formed on the incident surface side of the substrate side, for enhancing light having a resonant wavelength among the light emitted from the electroluminescent device. The fluorescent layer is formed on the light emitting surface side of the substrate, for converting the light emitted from the substrate into white light.

Abstract: In a light-emitting apparatus, a face of a substrate on which a light-emitting device is formed is an uneven surface having a plurality of asperities. The mean spacing Sm of adjacent asperities or the mean spacing S of peaks of adjacent projections of the asperities is no less than three times the longest wavelength of light generated by a light-emitting layer and no more than two hundred times the longest wavelength. The arithmetic mean slope &Dgr;a of the uneven surface is in a range between 4° and 30°, inclusive. Therefore, the apparatus emits substantially a greater amount of light from a light extraction side and has less brightness unevenness than a light-emitting apparatus with no uneven surface.

Abstract: In a bottom emission type light-emitting apparatus, a face of a substrate, which is opposite from a light-emitting device, is an uneven surface having a plurality of asperities. The mean spacing Sm of adjacent asperities or the mean spacing S of peaks of adjacent projections of the asperities is no less than three times the longest wavelength of light generated by the light-emitting layer and no more than two hundred times the longest wavelength. The arithmetic mean slope Aa of the uneven surface is in a range between 3° and 20°, inclusive. Therefore, the apparatus substantially has higher extraction efficiency and a higher brightness in a specific direction.

Abstract: An area light emitting device includes a transparent or translucent substrate and an area light emitting element arranged on the substrate. The substrate includes a first surface facing the area light emitting element and a second surface facing away from the area light emitting element. The area light emitting element emits light that enters the first surface and exits from the second surface. The second surface includes a recess for accommodating an optical member that changes the characteristics of the light emitted from the area light emitting element.

Abstract: A display unit has first and second substrates, a liquid crystal display, an organic electroluminescent display, a reflector and a plurality of common electrodes. The liquid crystal display is located between the substrates. The organic electroluminescent display is located between the first substrate and the liquid crystal display. The organic electroluminescent display has an organic electroluminescent layer. The reflector reflects a light that passes through the organic electroluminescent layer and the liquid crystal display. The common electrodes are commonly used for both displays. Pixels are formed on both displays. In each display, each pixel is located at a position that corresponds to one of the common electrodes.

Abstract: A color display improves the contrast of a shown image without decreasing an open area ratio. A color electroluminescent display of the present invention has electroluminescent elements provided on a black insulation layer. A predetermined space exists between each adjacent pair of the electroluminescent elements. Filter elements are provided on the electroluminescent elements. The interface between each adjacent pair of the filter elements extends along the thickness direction of the color electroluminescent display and is aligned with one of the spaces.

Abstract: A magnetic brush developing unit for an electrophotographic reproducing apparatus, the brush element being a nonmagnetic sleeve rotating around fixed magnets, together with a first agitator providing both lateral and progressive mixing of depleted developer (with addition of toner, if necessary) as it leaves the magnetic brush via a scraper blade, a second agitator for additional mixing of the freshened developer and for conveying same to a roll with axial channels on its surface. The channels supply the freshened developer to the sleeve to form a new brush for another pass at a photoconductor having the same or another latent image on it. All adjacent rotating members turn in particular directions to assist circulation of developer and to enhance efficiency of agitation.