Abstract: A transverse electric field mode liquid crystal display device capable of improving the viewing angle characteristic in black display at an oblique viewing angle with a simple structure is provided.

Abstract: A transverse electric field mode liquid crystal display device capable of improving the viewing angle characteristic in black display at an oblique viewing angle with a simple structure is provided.

Abstract: Light from a light source 10 is linearly polarized by a polarizer 11. Then it propagates via a half-mirror 12 almost parallel to the normal to a reflective liquid-crystal panel 13 and falls on the reflective liquid-crystal panel 13. The reflected light reflected by the reflective liquid-crystal panel 13 is received by a detector 15 via the half-mirror 12 and an analyzer 14. In this state, the reflective liquid-crystal panel 13 is rotated about an axis almost parallel to the normal to the reflective liquid-crystal panel 13 and an angle (extinction angle) at which the output signal of detector 15 reaches minimum is measured. Then, the gap of the reflective liquid-crystal panel 13 is detected based on the measured extinction angle.

Abstract: An apparatus for detecting a pretilt angle is comprised of a light source 1, a polarizer 2, a liquid-crystal cell 3, a quarter-wave plate 4, an analyzer 5, a photodetector 6, and a processing device. The processing device receives from the photodetector transmitted light intensities of light that is transmitted through the liquid-crystal cell 3 at a plurality of light incident angles. The processing device calculates Stokes parameters corresponding to the plurality of light incident angles based upon the transmitted light intensity corresponding to the plurality of light incident angles. Furthermore, an apparent retardation corresponding to the plurality of light incident angles is determined based upon the Stokes parameters corresponding to the plurality of light incident angles. The pretilt angle of the liquid-crystal cell 3 is determined based upon the determined apparent retardation corresponding to the plurality of light incident angles.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device has an elliptic polarizer consisting of a polarizer, a first retarder, and a second retarder, and a reflector reflecting light in a visual light range. Optimal values for a twist angle of a liquid crystal layer, an angle between a transmission axis of the polarizer and a slow axis of the first retarder, an angle between the slow axis of the first retarder and a slow axis of the second retarder, and a product of birefringence &Dgr;n of liquid crystal material used in the liquid crystal layer and a thickness d of the liquid crystal layer are evaluated.

Abstract: An infrared transparent optical element for use as an optical window for an infrared imaging camera includes an infrared transparent substrate, an antireflection film, and a protective film of a polymer material. The infrared transparent substrate has first and second major surfaces opposite each other, and the antireflection film is disposed on each of the first and second major surfaces of the substrate. The protective film is on an outer surface of the antireflection film on the first major surface of the substrate.

Abstract: Light from a light source 10 is linearly polarized by a polarizer 11. Then it propagates via a half-mirror 12 almost parallel to the normal to a reflective liquid-crystal panel 13 and falls on the reflective liquid-crystal panel 13. The reflected light reflected by the reflective liquid-crystal panel 13 is received by a detector 15 via the half-mirror 12 and an analyzer 14. In this state, the reflective liquid-crystal panel 13 is rotated about an axis almost parallel to the normal to the reflective liquid-crystal panel 13 and an angle (extinction angle) at which the output signal of detector 15 reaches minimum is measured. Then, the gap of the reflective liquid-crystal panel 13 is detected based on the measured extinction angle.

Abstract: There is provided a package for a non-aqueous electrolytic battery by which water invasion from outside is lowered and adhesion strength is improved over the long term, and a non-aqueous electrolytic battery having a lengthened life and high reliability. In a package for a non-aqueous electrolytic battery having a bag construction to store a battery content made by adhesion of a part of a lamination film comprising a metal layer and a resin layer, the adhesion part holds a structure capable of reacting with or absorbing an element which diffuses from the battery interior inwardly to the battery interior side.

Abstract: A solid polymer type fuel cell having a polyelectrolyte film having a proton conductivity; an anode electrode and a cathode electrode arranged on the opposite sides of the polyelectrolyte film; and a gas flow channel for supplying gas to the both electrodes, the anode electrode and the cathode electrode each being composed of a catalyst layer that is in contact with the polyelectrolyte film and a gas diffusion layer for allowing the diffusion of gas supplied from the gas flow channel to the catalyst layer, in which the gas diffusion layer included in the cathode electrode is constructed of a carbon-containing material and the surface of the carbon-containing material is modified to be hydrophilic.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device has an elliptic polarizer consisting of a polarizer, a first retarder, and a second retarder, and a reflector reflecting light in a visual light range. Optimal values for a twist angle of a liquid crystal layer, an angle between a transmission axis of the polarizer and a slow axis of the first retarder, an angle between the slow axis of the first retarder and a slow axis of the second retarder, and a product of birefringence &Dgr;n of liquid crystal material used in the liquid crystal layer and a thickness d of the liquid crystal layer are evaluated.

Abstract: An apparatus for detecting a pretilt angle is comprised of a light source 1, a polarizer 2, a liquid-crystal cell 3, a quarter-wave plate 4, an analyzer 5, a photodetector 6, and a processing device. The processing device receives from the photodetector transmitted light intensities of light that is transmitted through the liquid-crystal cell 3 at a plurality of light incident angles. The processing device calculates Stokes parameters corresponding to the plurality of light incident angles based upon the transmitted light intensity corresponding to the plurality of light incident angles. Furthermore, an apparent retardation corresponding to the plurality of light incident angles is determined based upon the Stokes parameters corresponding to the plurality of light incident angles. The pretilt angle of the liquid-crystal cell 3 is determined based upon the determined apparent retardation corresponding to the plurality of light incident angles.

Abstract: The present invention provides a nonaqueous electrolyte battery, of which impact resistance can be enhanced. The nonaqueous electrolyte battery comprising a electric power generating element, a baglike container, leads, and a resin for fixing the leads and an inner surface of the baglike container together.

Abstract: The present invention provides a nonaqueous electrolyte battery, of which impact resistance can be enhanced. The nonaqueous electrolyte battery comprising a flat electric power generating element, a baglike container, leads, and a resin for fixing surfaces of a thin portion of the electric power generating element and an inner surface of the baglike container together.

Abstract: An infrared transparent optical element of the invention is for use as an optical window for an infrared imaging camera. The optical element includes an infrared transparent substrate, an antireflection film, and a protective film made of a polymer material. The infrared transparent substrate has first and second major surfaces opposite to each other, and the antireflection film is formed on each of the first and second major surfaces of the substrate. The protective film is formed on an outer surface of the antireflection film on the first major surface of the substrate.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device with an In-panel switching system mode includes a conductive body for adjusting an electric field, disposed between elongated electrodes such that the conductive member is electrically isolated from the elongated electrodes.

Abstract: An organic nonlinear optical material comprising a compound having the iodonium salt structure represented by the general formula (I): ##STR1## wherein .pi..sub.1 to .pi..sub.n are the same or different and each is an atomic group having .pi. electron, I.sub.1 to I.sub.n-1 are an iodonium cation, A.sub.1 to A.sub.n-1 are the same or different and each is a counter anion for the iodonium cation, R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are the same or different and each is a hydrogen atom or an electron donative group, and n is an integer of 2 to 4. The material has large nonlinear optical constants and shows no light absorption in the visible light region.

Abstract: A photoresist is applied on a substrate and exposed using a reduction optical system. The photoresist is adapted to have a non-linear optical effect in which the light absorption coefficient or the photochemical reaction efficiency changes non-linearly with respect to light intensity, the photoresist reacts to the second harmonic or the tertiary harmonic, or it presents a self convergence effect.