Abstract: A lithium secondary battery includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a porous separator disposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, a spacer disposed between the separator and at least one of the positive electrode and the negative electrode, and a non-aqueous electrolyte having lithium ion conductivity. In the negative electrode, the lithium metal deposits during charging, and the lithium metal dissolves during discharging. In a region where the negative electrode and the positive electrode face each other, a first region (R1) facing the spacer and a second region (R2) not facing the spacer are included. The spacer is nonporous or porous, and the spacer has a height (t) of 20 µm or more. When the spacer is porous, the spacer has a porosity Psp, the porosity Psp of the spacer being equal to or less than a porosity Pse the separator.

Abstract: A lithium secondary battery includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode, a separator disposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, and a non-aqueous electrolyte having lithium ion conductivity. Lithium metal is deposited on the negative electrode during charging, and dissolves from the negative electrode during discharging. A spacer is provided between the separator and at least one of the positive electrode and the negative electrode. A first length of the separator in a first direction D1 is shorter than a second length of the separator in a second direction D2 intersecting the first direction D1. In a cross section of the spacer taken along a thickness direction of the separator and the first direction D1, at least one of a spacer-side angle between the separator and the spacer and a spacer-side angle between the spacer and the electrode in contact with the spacer is greater than 90°.

Abstract: A lithium secondary battery including: a positive electrode including a positive electrode current collector, and a positive electrode mixture layer containing a positive electrode active material; a negative electrode including a negative electrode current collector that faces the positive electrode; a separator disposed therebetween; and a non-aqueous electrolyte having lithium ion conductivity, wherein the positive electrode active material includes a composite oxide containing lithium and a metal M other than lithium, the metal M containing at least a transition metal, lithium metal deposits on the negative electrode during charge, and the lithium metal dissolves from the negative electrode during discharge, the positive electrode current collector has a first length in a first direction D1 and a second length in a second direction D2 intersecting the first direction, the first length being shorter than the second length, a spacer is provided between the positive electrode and the separator.

Abstract: A negative-electrode active material comprises a graphite including boron and nitrogen. A ratio R1 satisfies 0.5?R1?1, where R1=SBN/SB, and SB denotes a total peak area of a boron 1s spectrum of the graphite obtained by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and SBN denotes a peak area of a spectrum assigned to boron bonded to nitrogen in the boron 1s spectrum. A ratio R2 satisfies 0<R2?0.05, where R2=SB/(SB+SC+SN), and SC denotes a peak area of a carbon 1s spectrum of the graphite obtained by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and SN denotes a peak area of a nitrogen 1s spectrum of the graphite obtained by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.

Abstract: A negative electrode active material for a nonaqueous secondary battery includes graphite containing boron. The graphite has an average discharge potential of 0.16 V or more and 0.2 V or less, based on Li. A nonaqueous secondary battery includes: a positive electrode including a positive electrode active material capable of occluding and releasing an alkali metal ion; a negative electrode including a negative electrode active material above; and a nonaqueous electrolyte solution.

Abstract: A negative-electrode active material comprises a graphite including boron and nitrogen. A ratio R1 satisfies 0.5?R1?1, where R1=SBN/SB, and SB denotes a total peak area of a boron 1s spectrum of the graphite obtained by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and SBN denotes a peak area of a spectrum assigned to boron bonded to nitrogen in the boron 1s spectrum. A ratio R2 satisfies 0<R2?0.05, where R2=SB/(SB+SC+SN), and SC denotes a peak area of a carbon 1s spectrum of the graphite obtained by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and SN denotes a peak area of a nitrogen 1s spectrum of the graphite obtained by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.

Abstract: A negative electrode active material for a nonaqueous secondary battery includes graphite containing boron. The graphite has a crystallite size Lc of 100 nm or more in the c-axis direction, In a Raman spectrum obtained by Raman spectroscopy of a surface of the graphite, a ratio R is 0.4 or more, the ratio R being a ratio of a maximum peak value Id of Raman intensity of a D band appearing in a Raman shift range of 1300 cm?1 or more and 1400 cm?1 or less to a maximum peak value Ig of Raman intensity of a G band appearing in a Raman shift range of 1500 cm?1 or more and 1650 cm?1 or less.

Abstract: Protons are entered into a substrate to be analyzed at a proton incident angle larger than 0° and smaller 90°. Excited by the entered protons and emitted from the substrate to be analyzed, the characteristic X-ray is measured by an energy dispersive X-ray detector and the like. Impurity elements present in the substrate to be analyzed are identified based on the measured characteristic X-ray. The in-plane distribution in the substrate can be obtained by scanning the proton beam. The in-depth distribution can be obtained by entering protons at different proton incident angles. The elemental analysis method can be applied to semiconductor device manufacturing processes to analyze metal contamination or quantify a conductivity determining impurity element on an inline basis and with a high degree of accuracy.

Abstract: Protons are entered into a substrate to be analyzed at a proton incident angle larger than 0° and smaller 90°. Excited by the entered protons and emitted from the substrate to be analyzed, the characteristic X-ray is measured by an energy dispersive X-ray detector and the like. Impurity elements present in the substrate to be analyzed are identified based on the measured characteristic X-ray. The in-plane distribution in the substrate can be obtained by scanning the proton beam. The in-depth distribution can be obtained by entering protons at different proton incident angles. The elemental analysis method can be applied to semiconductor device manufacturing processes to analyze metal contamination or quantify a conductivity determining impurity element on an inline basis and with a high degree of accuracy.