Abstract: The direct delivery of antioxidant compounds (Vitamin B2, Vitamin C, beta-carotene, and Vitamin E) to the large intestine results in an increase in the population of Blautia spp. in the gut. People with lower amounts of Blautia spp. often experience obesity, insulin resistance and chronic inflammation, major depressive disorder as well as other conditions which can be helped by increasing their population of Blautia. An increase in the population of Blautia also increases the amount of beneficial short chain fatty acids in the intestine as well.

Abstract: Delivery of antioxidants (Vitamin C, Vitamin E, riboflavin, and beta-carotene) directly to the large intestine were seen to decrease the population of Fusobacterium in the gut microbiome. An increased population of these bacteria is associated with Fusobacterium bacteremia as a co-morbidity with any one of: malignancy, dementia, chronic obstructive lung disease, diabetes, heart disease, alcoholism, disease(s) requiring dialysis, and stroke; colorectal cancer; digestive diseases including Ulcerative colitis; Crohn's disease; and/or Pediatric or adult inflammatory bowel disease; colorectal and other cancers, inflammatory bowel disease, adverse pregnancy-related conditions, and HIV.

Abstract: This invention relates to the direct delivery of a vitamin composition to the large intestine, in order to decrease the growth of pathogenic organisms in the gut, such as Adherent Invasive E. coli (AIEC), Salmonella enteriditis and Clostridium difficile. The vitamin composition comprises a combination of the following vitamins: Vitamin C, Vitamin B2, Vitamin B3, Vitamin B5, Vitamin B6 and folic acid.

Abstract: This invention relates to the direct delivery to the intestine of a vitamin composition to restore a balanced population and metabolic profile of gut microbiome bacteria which has been disrupted due to exposure to antibiotics. The vitamin composition may comprise Vitamin C as a sole active agent; Vitamin C in combination with Vitamin B2 and/or B3; or Vitamin C in combination with Vitamin B2, Vitamin B3, Vitamin B5, Vitamin B6 and Vitamin B9.

Abstract: The population of Dialister spp. bacteria in the gut microbiome is lower in people with various diseases. We have found that administration of vitamins/vitamin combinations such as: beta-carotene, Vitamin A, Vitamin D, Vitamin B5, Vitamin B2, a combination of Vitamin B2 and Vitamin C, Vitamin K, DHA, or EPA, when administered directly to the large intestine, so that it provides nourishment to the gut microbiome directly, can result in an increase of Dialister spp.

Abstract: The population of Coprococcus spp. bacteria in the gut microbiome is lower in people with various diseases. We have found that administration of vitamins / vitamin combinations such as : the combination of Vitamin B2 and C; Vitamin D3; beta-carotene, and Vitamin B5, when administered directly to the gut, so that it provides nourishment to the gut microbiome directly, can result in an increase of Coprococcus spp.

Abstract: This invention is directed to the use of a combination of antioxidants which are delivered to the gut microbiome. The antioxidants are riboflavin, beta-carotene, Vitamin C and Vitamin E. We have found that they deliver a degree of improvement to gut health comparable to known prebiotics, such as soluble fibers.

Abstract: Various benefits to intestinal health are made by delivery of an active agent to the colon of an animal, including a human. Active ingredients include of riboflavin, vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin K, folic acid, ?-carotene, vitamin B1, niacin, vitamin B5, vitamin B6, biotin, vitamin B12, omega-3 fatty acids and combinations thereof. Benefits include increased concentration of at least one short-chain fatty acid its salt thereof in the intestine, increased microbiome diversity in the intestine, increased beneficial bacteria in the intestine, increased the butyrate synthesis pathway in the intestine, improved barrier function of the intestine, reduced redox potential of the gut, reduced amount of gas produced in the intestine; and stimulation of intestinal immune responses.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for efficient heating fluid by using electromagnetic energy, the fluid is passed into a channeling structure within a region of space illuminated with electromagnetic energy uniformly, equally and simultaneously for rapid heating. Electromagnetic energy penetrates the fluid and causes it to heat. Structure in close proximity to the fluid in the channeling structure efficiently converts electromagnetic energy to heat to further heat the fluid to obtain a substantially homogeneous final desired temperature. The fluid is moved through the channeling structure creating turbulent to maximize the transfer of electromagnetic energy to the fluid.