Abstract: A laminate prepared by combining at least two layers wherein at least one of which is made of a fibrous material, an epoxy resin having on average at least two 1,2-epoxide groups per molecule or a mixture of these epoxy resins and a ferrocene derivative of the formula [R.sup.1 (Fe.sup.II R.sup.2).sub.a ].sup.ab+ ab.[X].sup.-, wherein a and b independently of one another are 1 or 2, R.sup.1 is a .pi.-arene, R.sup.2 is a .pi.-arene or an indenyl- or cyclopentadienyl anion, X.sup..crclbar. is an anion [LQ.sub.m ].sup..crclbar.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of a laminate including the steps(i) preparation of a layer by bringing into contact a fibrous substrate with a curable mixture containing an epoxy resin having on average at least two 1,2-epoxide groups per molecule or a mixture of these epoxy resins and a compound of the formula I ##STR1## or a mixture of these compounds, in which a and b are independent of one another 1 or 2, R.sup.1 is a .pi.-arene, R.sup.2 is a .pi.-arene or an indenyl- or cyclopentadienyl anion, X.sup.- is an anion [LQ.sub.m ].sup.- or an anion of a partly fluorinated or perfluorinated aliphatic or aromatic sulfonic acid, L is P, As or Sb, Q is fluorine or some of the Q substituents may also be hydroxyl groups, and m corresponds to a value which exceeds the valence of L by unity,(ii) preparation of a laminated sequence from at least two layered materials which are to be bonded together(iii) compression moulding of the said laminate sequence at elevated temperature.

Abstract: Polymers formed from anhydrides of the formula I ##STR1## in which R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 independently of one another are hydrogen or methyl.The novel polymers are suitable for use as curing agents for polyepoxide compounds.

Abstract: Polymers formed from anhydrides of the formula I ##STR1## in which R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 independently of one another are hydrogen or methyl.The novel polymers are suitable for use as curing agents for polyepoxide compounds.

Abstract: A flexible, printed circuit with excellent adhesion of the printed tracks, which is obtained by coating one side of a metal foil without an intermediate layer with a polymer consisting of a polyamide, polyimide or polyamide-imide containing siloxane groups, which is obtainable by crosslinking a silicon-modified polyamide prepolymer, polyamide-acid prepolymer or polyamide-amido-acid prepolymer of the formula I, heating the coated metal foil in the temperature range from 50.degree. to 300.degree. C. till a tack-free coating is obtained, exposing the opposite side of the coated metal foil, which side is provided with a photolacquer, through a photo mask, and developing the exposed metal foil.

Abstract: Heat-curable mixtures containing (a) epoxy compounds having on average more than one 1,2-epoxy group per molecule, (b) monoimides or polyimides of specific unsaturated dicarboxylic acids of the formula I ##STR1## wherein A is an x-valent aromatic or aliphatic radical, R.sup.1 is hydrogen or methyl, and x is 1, 2 or 3, and (c) products of condensing specific phenols, specific amines and aldehydes or ketones in an acid medium.The novel curable mixtures have a long shelf life and give rise to moulded materials which are highly resistant to chemicals and resistant to boiling water.

Abstract: Curable mixtures containing (a) epoxide compounds with on average more than one 1,2-epoxide group per molecule, (b) the condensates prepared from certain phenols, certain amines and aldehydes or ketones in an acid medium and, where relevant, (c) curing accelerators. The novel curable mixtures have a good storage stability and give shaped substances with outstanding resistance to chemicals.

Abstract: Flexible base materials consisting of a metal foil and a film, firmly adhering thereto without an interlayer, of a polyamide/polyimide block copolymer of the formula I, or of a polyamide/polyimide copolymer prepared from a polyamide acid block of the formula IVa or Va and a dicarboxylic acid dichloride of the formula XI and a diamine of the formula XII.The individual symbols are defined in claim 1.The base materials according to the invention are suitable for the preparation of flexible printed circuits.

Abstract: Phenol-novolaks containing amino groups of formulas VI and VII ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 is halogen, nitro, alkyl, alkoxy or phenyl, R.sup.2 is hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, phenyl or furfuryl, R.sup.3 is hydrogen or alkyl, R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 independently are alkyl, halogen, nitro or cyano, and x is 1 to 8, are obtained by reacting the corresponding phenol-novolak with an aldehyde or ketone of formula II ##STR2## and with a substituted aniline of formula III or IV ##STR3## in a molar ratio of 1 mol of phenol-novolak to 2 mols of compound of formula II and to 2 mols of compound of formula III or IV in an acid medium at a pH value of 0.5 to 3.0. The phenol-novolaks containing amino groups are useful curing agents for epoxy resins and are also suitable as starting compounds for the preparation of epoxy resins.

Abstract: Flexible base materials consisting of a metal foil and a film of a polyamide, polyamide-imide and/or polyimide, firmly adhering thereto without an intermediate layer, the film being obtained by heating a polyamide, polyamide-amidoacid and/or polyamide-acid containing the structural units of the formulae I and II.The individual symbols are as defined in claim 1.The base materials according to the invention are useful for the production of flexible printed circuits.

Abstract: Heat-curable mixtures of one or more epoxide compounds, which, on average, have more than one epoxide group in the molecule, and one or more .beta.-aminocrotonic acid derivatives, such as .beta.-aminocrotononitrile, .beta.-aminocrotonamide or .beta.-aminocrotonic acid esters, and also, if desired, a polyamine or polycarboxylic acid anhydride or a malenimide. The novel curable mixtures are distinguished by outstanding stability on storage, can be processed easily and give moulded materials with good mechanical properties.

Abstract: The process according to the invention is performed by reaction of epoxide resins with primary and/or secondary polyamines with simultaneous quaternizing by means of aromatic and aliphatic polysulfonic esters, halogen-free organic phosphoric esters, or organic compounds which contain at least 1 chlorine or bromine atom, and which are free from -COOH groups and corresponding salt groups. The crosslinked plastics thus obtained are distinguished by an improved electrical conductivity.

Abstract: Heat-curable mixtures of one or more epoxide compounds, which, on average, have more than one epoxide group in the molecule, and one or more .beta.-aminocrotonic acid derivatives, such as .beta.-aminocrotononitrile, .beta.-aminocrotonamide or .beta.-aminocrotonic acid esters, and also, if desired, a polyamine or polycarboxylic acid anhydride or a maleimide. The novel curable mixtures are distinguished by outstanding stability on storage, can be processed easily and give moulded materials with good mechanical properties.

Abstract: Novel crosslinked unsaturated polymers, which have better properties than conventional crosslinked unsaturated polymers are obtained by reacting a .beta.-aminocrotonic acid ester, .beta.-aminocrotononitrile or .beta.-aminocrotonamide with a diisocyanate or polyisocyanate and a polyol, for example at temperatures of between 50.degree. and 180.degree. C.

Abstract: Heat-curable mixtures of one or more epoxide compounds, which, on average, have more than one epoxide group in the molecule, and one or more .beta.-aminocrotonic acid derivatives, such as .beta.-aminocrotononitrile, .beta.-aminocrotonamide or .beta.-aminocrotonic acid esters, and also, if desired, a polyamine or polycarboxylic acid anhydride or a maleimide. The novel curable mixtures are distinguished by outstanding stability on storage, can be processed easily and give moulded materials with good mechanical properties.

Abstract: Novel, crosslinked, unsaturated polymers which have properties better than those of known crosslinked, unsaturated polymers are produced by reaction of .beta.-aminocrotonic acid esters, nitriles or amides with polyisocyanates, at temperatures for example of between 50.degree. and 180.degree. C.

Abstract: Heat-curable mixtures which are stable on storage and consist of (a) poly-imides of specific unsaturated dicarboxylic acids of the general formula I ##STR1## in which A is a x-valent organic radical having at least 2 and not more than 30 carbon atoms, Z is a radical of the formulae ##STR2## and x is the number 2 or 3, and (b) poly-(.beta.-iminocrotononitriles) of the formula II, III and/or IV ##STR3## in which Y is a m-valent organic radical having at least 2 and at most 30 carbon atoms, R' is a hydrogen atom or an alkyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, cycloalkyl having 5 or 6 carbon atoms or aryl having 6 to 10 carbon atoms, R is an aliphatic or aromatic radical having not more than 30 carbon atoms, E, together with the two nitrogen atoms, is a five-membered or six-membered ring, m is 2 or 3 and n is 1 or 2, are suitable for the production of moulded materials, preferably by casting the resin mixture or by laminating or bonding substrates.

Abstract: In the production of maleimides of the general formula I ##STR1## in which n is one of the numbers 1, 2 or 3, R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are each a hydrogen atom or methyl, and A is an n-valent aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, aliphatic-cycloaliphatic or aliphatic-aromatic radical having up to 30 C atoms, by means of cyclising dehydration of a maleamic acid of the formula II ##STR2## in which the acid amide group (s) is (are) attached to aliphatic or cycloaliphatic C atoms, in the presence of low-molecular dehydrating carboxylic anhydrides in an organic solvent and in the present of catalysts, there is advantageously used as solvent a polar aprotic solvent containing at least one N-lower-alkyl-substituted acid amide group in the molecule, or a solvent mixture containing an aprotic solvent of this type, and as catalyst a metal compound, and the cyclising dehydration is performed in the temperature range of 40.degree. to 100.degree. C.

Abstract: Mixtures which can be cured to give moulded materials having technically valuable mechanical and dielectric properties, characterized that they contain(a) polyimides of maleic acid or citraconic acid,(b) derivatives of .beta.-amino-crotonic acid, and optionally(c) polyamines.

Abstract: The invention relates to the improvement of the conventional processes for manufacturing monomaleimides and polymaleimides, in which it is known to cyclodehydrate corresponding monomaleamic or polymaleamic acids in the presence of acetic anhydride and tertiary amines. According to the invention, the tertiary amines are used only in very small amounts (0.1 to 0.5 mole per mole of maleamic acid group) and the dehydration is carried out at temperatures between 10.degree. and 50.degree. C. The end products are obtained in purer form and greater yield than in conventional processes.