Abstract: Examples of heat exchanger systems for active radiative cooling are described. In one example, the system includes a heat exchanger and a spectrally selective surface material on at least one surface of the heat exchanger. The spectrally selective surface material exhibits high reflectivity at shorter wavelengths and high emissivity at longer wavelengths. The system can also include an active cooling system in some cases to actively transfer heat to the heat exchanger. The use of spectrally selective surfaces that operate at temperatures exceeding that of the outdoor ambient for which convective losses augment radiation losses have advantages over passive cooling, such as but not limited to: providing a better match to cooling loads, reducing the heat rejection surface area required to achieve a desired cooling rate, and increasing the heat transferred to deep space through the atmospheric window so as to simultaneously cool infrastructure, devices, buildings, and Earth.

Abstract: Examples of heat exchanger systems for active radiative cooling are described. In one example, the system includes a heat exchanger and a spectrally selective surface material on at least one surface of the heat exchanger. The spectrally selective surface material exhibits high reflectivity at shorter wavelengths and high emissivity at longer wavelengths. The system can also include an active cooling system in some cases to actively transfer heat to the heat exchanger. The use of spectrally selective surfaces that operate at temperatures exceeding that of the outdoor ambient for which convective losses augment radiation losses have advantages over passive cooling, such as but not limited to: providing a better match to cooling loads, reducing the heat rejection surface area required to achieve a desired cooling rate, and increasing the heat transferred to deep space through the atmospheric window so as to simultaneously cool infrastructure, devices, buildings, and Earth.

Abstract: In one aspect an apparatus to store energy comprises a housing defining an enclosed chamber, foils or foam formed from a thermally conductive material disposed in the chamber, a phase change material disposed within the chamber, and at least one heat pipe extending through the housing in thermal communication with the foam, or foil, and the phase change material. Other aspects may be described.

Abstract: The present disclosure is directed to an apparatus and method for studying dissolution of a compact sample. The compact sample is typically a pharmaceutical drug sample. A flow-through apparatus includes a frame defining a flow-through channel, a removable insert having a drug sample, the insert positioned within the frame such that a fluid interacts with the sample when the fluid passes through the flow channel. The frame has an opening on the top side to allow a glass plate, typically a microscope cover slip to be positioned within the frame and allow viewing of the fluid flow and interaction with the drug sample. The hydrodynamics of the fluid flow are either known or computed. Thus, dissolution can be studied and observed in view of hydrodynamic characteristics. Typically, only a small amount of sample is necessary for a study. The flow-through apparatus is designed to fit on a microscopy stage and allow visual observation of the fluid/sample interaction.

Abstract: A multi-dimensional rotary mixer includes a stand, a frame mounted to the stand, and a mixing vessel mounted to the frame. The frame is rotatable around a first axis of rotation and the mixing vessel is rotatable around a second axis of rotation, the second axis of rotation being substantially orthogonal to the first axis of rotation. The mixer also includes a first drive motor coupled to the frame to rotate the frame about the first axis of rotation and a second drive motor mounted to the frame and coupled to the mixing vessel to rotate the mixing vessel about the second axis of rotation.

Abstract: The present disclosure is directed to an apparatus and method for studying dissolution of a compact sample. The compact sample is typically a pharmaceutical drug sample. A flow-through apparatus includes a frame defining a flow-through channel, a removable insert having a drug sample, the insert positioned within the frame such that a fluid interacts with the sample when the fluid passes through the flow channel. The frame has an opening on the top side to allow a glass plate, typically a microscope cover slip to be positioned within the frame and allow viewing of the fluid flow and interaction with the drug sample. The hydrodynamics of the fluid flow are either known or computed. Thus, dissolution can be studied and observed in view of hydrodynamic characteristics. Typically, only a small amount of sample is necessary for a study. The flow-through apparatus is designed to fit on a microscopy stage and allow visual observation of the fluid/sample interaction.