Abstract: Embodiments herein relate to animal feed preservatives including byproducts containing levulinic acid and methods of making and using the same. In an embodiment, a method of making an animal feed preservative is included. The method can include obtaining an acidic byproduct of a manufacturing process. The acidic byproduct can include at least about 1% by weight levulinic acid or a salt thereof. The method can further include mixing the acidic byproduct with a base to form the animal feed preservative. The animal feed preservative can include at least about 5 wt. % of the acid byproduct. In various embodiments, a method of reducing the amount of mycotoxins formed in an animal feed product during storage is included. In various embodiments, an animal feed preservative or supplement is included. Other embodiments are also included herein.

Abstract: Embodiments herein relate to animal feed preservatives including byproducts containing levulinic acid and methods of making and using the same. In an embodiment, a method of making an animal feed preservative is included. The method can include obtaining an acidic byproduct of a manufacturing process. The acidic byproduct can include at least about 1% by weight levulinic acid or a salt thereof. The method can further include mixing the acidic byproduct with a base to form the animal feed preservative. The animal feed preservative can include at least about 5 wt. % of the acid byproduct. In various embodiments, a method of reducing the amount of mycotoxins formed in an animal feed product during storage is included. In various embodiments, an animal feed preservative or supplement is included. Other embodiments are also included herein.

Abstract: Embodiments herein relate to animal feed preservatives including byproducts containing levulinic acid and methods of making and using the same. In an embodiment, a method of making an animal feed preservative is included. The method can include obtaining an acidic byproduct of a manufacturing process. The acidic byproduct can include at least about 1% by weight levulinic acid or a salt thereof. The method can further include mixing the acidic byproduct with a base to form the animal feed preservative. The animal feed preservative can include at least about 5 wt. % of the acid byproduct. In various embodiments, a method of reducing the amount of mycotoxins formed in an animal feed product during storage is included. In various embodiments, an animal feed preservative or supplement is included. Other embodiments are also included herein.

Abstract: A process for manufacturing a printed circuit that replaces tin and/or tin-lead electroplating with tin-nickel based electroplating. The process includes printing a desired circuitry pattern onto a resist-coated copper-clad substrate. A tin-nickel material is electroplated onto the desired circuitry pattern, and the resist removed. The tin-nickel electroplating takes place within a bath comprised of a nickel source, a stannous source and a starter solution including a bifluoride salt, diethylenetriamine and triethylenetetramine.

Abstract: An aqueous based cleaner-degreaser for removing oleophilic petroleum oils and greases from metal and metal alloys, such as aluminum and zinc, and has been developed employing a mixture of a quaternary phosphate, a ketone, a primary amine, and surfactant and surfactant builders comprised of primarily ethoxylated alcohols. Further, the solution functions at a pH less than 10.5, and exhibits very low toxicity compared to solvent or basic cleaning solutions.