Abstract: A method of diagnosing an MSI cancer in a patient including extracting and sequencing DNA from a tumoral sample and if available from a normal sample and operate an analyse of MNRs. The method is based on the demonstration that the FDA-approved NGS-based diagnostic test for identifying MSI in mCRC and nmCRC gave inaccurate results when compared with the gold standard reference methods. Consequently, whole exome sequencing (WES) data from all samples was further analyzed to improve detection of the MSI genomic signal in CRC and other primary tumor types. This allowed identification of weaknesses and limits of MSISensor and the design and validation of a newly optimized algorithm, namely MSICare. The high accuracy of MSICare for the detection of MSI in CRC and non-CRC tumors should allow it to become a future reference test for assessing MSI in pan-cancer.

Abstract: The present invention relates to methods for determining, modulating or adjusting a treatment regimen with a chemotherapeutic agent in a patient affected with a cancer.

Abstract: The present invention relates to methods for predicting the survival time of patients suffering from a micro satellite unstable cancer. In particular, the present invention relates to a method for predicting the survival time of a patient suffering from a micro satellite unstable cancer comprising i) determining the expression level of at least one gene encoding for an immune checkpoint protein in a tumor tissue sample obtained from the patient, ii) comparing the expression level determined at step i) with a predetermined reference value and iii) concluding that the patient will have a long survival time when the level determined at step i) is lower than the predetermined reference value or concluding that the patient will have a short survival time when the level determined at step i) is higher than the predetermined reference value.

Abstract: The present invention relates to methods for predicting the survival time of patients suffering from a micro satellite unstable cancer. In particular, the present invention relates to a method for predicting the survival time of a patient suffering from a micro satellite unstable cancer comprising i) determining the expression level of at least one gene encoding for an immune checkpoint protein in a tumor tissue sample obtained from the patient, ii) comparing the expression level determined at step i) with a predetermined reference value and iii) concluding that the patient will have a long survival time when the level determined at step i) is lower than the predetermined reference value or concluding that the patient will have a short survival time when the level determined at step i) is higher than the predetermined reference value.

Abstract: Internal combustion engines with a cylindrical working chamber (1) in which there slides a piston (3), and which is closed by a cylinder head (4) with a device (5) for injecting atomized liquid fuel under high pressure and operating on the two-stroke cycle with a loop-scavenging system across the cylinder head, with two axisymmetric valves with coincident axes, one of these, an external, inlet valve (7) interacting with a seat (15) in the cylinder head and the other, an exhaust valve (6), exhibiting a tubular shape with a bearing surface applied against a seat (16) formed at the lower part of the inlet valve (7), the inlet valve opening towards the working chamber and the exhaust valve opening in the opposite direction, in order to delimit an exhaust passage (8) between them, the injection device (5) emerging in the working chamber substantially at the centre of a central hub (21) borne by the cylinder head and about which the exhaust valve (6) slides.

Abstract: Fuel injection device for an internal combustion engine, and engine equipped with such a device. The device includes a first cavity (3) forming part of a fuel pressurizing member (3, 4, 5), and a second cavity (12) made in an injector (9), in which cavity the pressure tends to lift a movable needle (11), against the action of the pressure in an accumulator (20), transmitted by a pipe (35). The first cavity (3) is separated from the second cavity (22) by a one-way valve (30).

Abstract: In a two-stroke internal combustion engine with a compression-ignition of Diesel type, the exhaust valve or valves (10) are so arranged as to allow flow on at least the major part of their periphery; the piston (3) cooperates with the ceiling of the cylinder head (6) in such manner as to leave, in the vicinity of top dead center, only the required operational clearance between the piston (3) and the part of the ceiling of the cylinder head in which the exhaust valve or valves (10) is or are placed; and a cylindrical recess (14) in which is placed the head (13) of the inlet valve or valves (8) and into which a fuel injector discharges, is arranged in such manner as to constitute practically alone the combustion chamber (7) when the piston (3) is in the vicinity of top dead center.

Abstract: The two-stroke cycle engine employing intake and exhaust valves comprises a combustion and scavenging prechamber having substantially a shape of revolution about an axis and provided with an intake valve seat. Deflecting means or vanes are disposed inside the intake pipe as directly as possible on the upstream side of the seat so as to urge the mass of air into the combustion chamber in the manner of a whirl.

Abstract: The primary zone (1) of the auxiliary combustion chamber has a shape of revolution about an axis (X--X) and is defined by a flame tube (2) which is of cylindrical and/or frustoconical shape, coaxial with said axis (X--X), smooth and devoid of air supply orifices of notable section, and by the chamber inner end (3) which is movable in a direction parallel to said axis (X--X) and cooperates with a fixed seat (13) rigidly connected to the flame tube (2) and separating the primary zone (1) from a cavity (4) so as to constitute, with the chamber inner end (3), throttling means (31) which have a variable passage section and are constituted by a sleeve (10) rigidly connected to a balancing piston (11), which sleeve and piston are coaxial with said axis (X--X), the balancing piston (11) being slidable in a cylindrical bearing surface (12) rigidly connected to the walls of the cavity (4).

Abstract: An internal combustion engine (1), supercharged by a turbocompressor (3), comprises a bypass conduit (11) in which is placed an auxiliary combustion chamber (14). The primary zone (13) of this chamber (14) receives fuel whose flow is determined by regulating means (20). These means (20) vary this flow in the same direction as a parameter which is a characteristic of the load of the engine (1), in particular the temperature of the gases measured in the exhaust of the engine (1) by a sensor (22).

Abstract: An air-to-air radiator is inserted in the circuit of the supercharging compressor of an engine. A turbine which is driven by the exhaust gases of the engine drives the compressor. A regenerator, through which the gases issuing from the turbine pass, is placed in an air circuit connecting the compressor to the motor. The air circuit of the radiator is connected in parallel with the air circuit of the regenerator and a directional valve device is adapted to open one of these air circuits while closing the other and vice versa.

Abstract: In a supercharged engine, a bypass connected to the compressor delivery pipe (4) supplies the turbine with all the air which has not been absorbed by the engine. The bypass (4) is divided into a first branch which supplies combustive air to the primary region (10) of an auxiliary combustion chamber and a second branch which supplies diluting air to the secondary region of the aforementioned chamber and comprises first throttle means. The first branch has second throttle means (13) comprising coupled orifices (14, 15) formed respectively on an inner sleeve (16) and an outer sleeve (17) movable relative to one another. According to the invention, a radial clearance (a) is maintained between the sleeves (16, 17) irrespective of their respective temperatures. Third throttle means (45), having a zero minimum flow section, are provided upstream or level with the second means (13).

Abstract: A supercharged engine is provided with a by-pass pipe through which all the air from the compressor which is not absorbed by the engine flows towards the turbine through an auxiliary combustion chamber. There is provided a system for supplying fuel to the combustion chamber, comprising means for regulating the flow rate of fuel supplied to the auxiliary chamber so as to prevent the supercharging pressure falling below a set value; in which power unit the regulating means comprise sensing means sensitive to the quantity of fuel injected per cycle into the engine so that each value of the said quantity of fuel is made to correspond to a particular set value of supercharging pressure.

Abstract: A diesel engine is supercharged by a compressor driven by a turbine which receives the exhaust gas of the engine. A bypass pipe permits the air delivered by the compressor and not taken by the engine to flow to the turbine. Means for impressing to the air flow in the by-pass a pressure drop which is substantially independent of the rate of flow and increases when the output pressure of the compressor increases comprises an air balanced throttle member in the by-pass and separate control means.

Abstract: A power unit comprises a Diesel engine supercharged by a turbocompressor which has a turbine receiving the engine exhaust gases. A by-pass pipe conveys the air not absorbed by the engine from the compressor to the turbine with a pressure drop which is independent of the flow rate and increases with the compressor outlet pressure. An auxiliary combustion chamber upstream of the turbine receives the air which has travelled through the by-pass. A throttle is disposed in the path of the supercharging air to the engine and is automatically actuated so as to maintain the flow rate of air absorbed by the engine at a value below the flow rate supplied by the compressor under low load conditions.

Abstract: A power unit comprises an internal combustion compression ignited engine having variable-volume combustion chambers and supercharged by a turbocompressor having a turbine which receives the engine exhaust gases. A bypass pipe which is permanently open during operation of the engine returns the air not absorbed by the engine to the turbine with a pressure drop which, if appreciable, is independent of the flow rate and increases with the compressor outlet pressure. The power unit comprises a heat exchanger between the gas flow leaving the turbine and the air flow leaving the compressor. An air cooler is disposed in the path of the air travelling from the heat exchanger to the engine.

Abstract: A power plant comprises an internal combustion engine, (Diesel engine), a compressor for supercharging the engine and a turbine for driving the compressor. The turbine is fed in parallel by the exhaust conduit of the engine and by a passage communicating with the compressor outlet. The passage is divided into two parallel arms. The first arm has a throttle. The second arm is connected to the primary zone of an auxiliary combustion chamber via orifices of a cross-section such that the pressure drop produced between the upstream and downstream ends of the orifices of the second arm is the same as the pressure drop produced between the upstream and downstream ends of the throttle of the first arm. The combustion chamber is fed by a fuel supply system entering the primary zone in the region of the turbulence produced in this zone by the arrival of air through the orifices, so that a complete and stable combustion is achieved in the auxiliary combustion chamber.

Abstract: An auxiliary combustion chamber for use with a supercharged Diesel engine comprises a fuel injection and spraying device adapted to operate with delivery rates which are variable within a broad range. The device has a fuel injection port which opens into the chamber. The size of the port is such that the fuel is mechanically atomized when injected at the maximum rate. Air passage nozzles open into the combustion chamber at a location close to the port and deliver air jets at a speed and at a delivery rate sufficient for it to atomize the fuel effectively at minimum fuel delivery rate.