Abstract: A ceramic/metal composite material comprises a surface ceramic coating comprising an oxidized alloy of copper stabilized by being in solid solution with nickel oxide or manganese oxide on a substrate which is an oxidation resistant alloy essentially devoid of copper or any metal which oxidizes more readily than copper. The composite is made by oxidizing a copper-based alloy on a substrate and simultaneously oxidizing the substrate surface to form an oxygen-barrier interface, for example a chromium oxide layer formed on an alloy of chrominum with nickel, iron and/or cobalt. The composite may be used as anode substrate for a cerium oxyfluoride coating used in aluminum electrowinning.