Abstract: A communication device having a controller transmits to a communication system a PKI certificate. Encrypted communications may commence responsive to receiving a public key. The communication system can have a plurality of network elements that integrate operations of a circuit-switched communication network and a packet-switched communication network.

Abstract: A communication device having a controller transmits to a communication system a PKI certificate. Encrypted communications may commence responsive to receiving a public key. The communication system can have a plurality of network elements that integrate operations of a circuit-switched communication network and a packet-switched communication network.

Abstract: A system that incorporates teachings of the present disclosure may include, for example, a communication device having a controller to transmit to a communication system a PKI certificate, and engage in encrypted communications responsive to receiving a public key from the communication system. The communication system can have a plurality of network elements that integrate operations of a circuit-switched communication network and a packet-switched communication network. Other embodiments are disclosed.

Abstract: A system that incorporates teachings of the present disclosure may include, for example, a communication device having a controller to transmit to a communication system a PKI certificate, and engage in encrypted communications responsive to receiving a public key from the communication system. The communication system can have a plurality of network elements that integrate operations of a circuit-switched communication network and a packet-switched communication network. Other embodiments are disclosed.

Abstract: A system that incorporates teachings of the present disclosure may include, for example, a communication device having a controller to transmit to a communication system a PKI certificate, and engage in encrypted communications responsive to receiving a public key from the communication system. The communication system can have a plurality of network elements that integrate operations of a circuit-switched communication network and a packet-switched communication network. Other embodiments are disclosed.

Abstract: A system that incorporates teachings of the present disclosure may include, for example, a communication device having a controller to transmit to a communication system a PKI certificate, and engage in encrypted communications responsive to receiving a public key from the communication system. The communication system can have a plurality of network elements that integrate operations of a circuit-switched communication network and a packet-switched communication network. Other embodiments are disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention provides computer-enable certification and authentication in, for example, e-commerce with wireless and mobile devices. The present authentication method offers ease of operation by automatically embedding a one-time passcode to the message without the sender input. A one-time key can also be used to encrypt the message, further providing transmission security. In addition, sensitive information and one-time passcode generator are pre-arranged and stored at both sender and receiver devices, avoiding information comprising in wireless environment transmission.

Abstract: A level with a level indicating vial is disclosed. The level includes a frame that defines at least one substantially flat exterior surface configured to be placed against a reference surface. The frame defines a plurality of interior surfaces. The level also includes a vial for indicating an orientation of the reference surface, and a vial holder for holding the vial in an orientation relative to the flat exterior surface of the frame. The vial holder is configured to cooperate with one of the interior surfaces of the frame to define a cavity when the vial holder contacts the interior surface. The level also includes an adhesive disposed in the cavity to secure the vial holder to the frame.

Abstract: A level for measuring, including a level body having a recess, a vial positioned within the recess and secured to the level body, and a resilient member positioned between the vial and the level body to act as a resilient backer to the vial during the positioning of the vial. Also, a method of installing a vial in a level, a method of measuring the angle of an elongated member having a convex, transverse cross-section, and a level for measuring having a vial assembly that is rotatably positioned within the level body.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a vial for a level includes forming a blank body from molten material. The blank body includes an exterior surface and an internal bore. The exterior surface has an upper portion generally defining a portion of a cylinder, and a lower portion generally having a rectangular block shape. The internal bore has an interior surface that is substantially cylindrical so as to define a wall thickness that is substantially constant between the interior surface and the generally cylindrical upper portion of the exterior surface. The method also includes cooling the molten material that forms the blank body, and changing a shape of the formed cylindrical interior surface so that the wall thickness at a center portion of the blank body is thinner than the wall thickness at portions of the blank body located between the center portion and ends of the blank body.

Abstract: A level for measuring, including a level body having a recess, a vial positioned within the recess and secured to the level body, and a resilient member positioned between the vial and the level body to act as a resilient backer to the vial during the positioning of the vial. Also, a method of installing a vial in a level, a method of measuring the angle of an elongated member having a convex, transverse cross-section, and a level for measuring having a vial assembly that is rotatably positioned within the level body.

Abstract: A method for manufacturing a vial for a level includes forming a blank body from molten material. The blank body includes an exterior surface and an internal bore. The exterior surface has an upper portion generally defining a portion of a cylinder, and a lower portion generally having a rectangular block shape. The internal bore has an interior surface that is substantially cylindrical so as to define a wall thickness that is substantially constant between the interior surface and the generally cylindrical upper portion of the exterior surface. The method also includes cooling the molten material that forms the blank body, and changing a shape of the formed cylindrical interior surface so that the wall thickness at a center portion of the blank body is thinner than the wall thickness at portions of the blank body located between the center portion and ends of the blank body.

Abstract: A level with a level indicating vial is disclosed. The level includes a frame that defines at least one substantially flat exterior surface configured to be placed against a reference surface. The frame defines a plurality of interior surfaces. The level also includes a vial for indicating an orientation of the reference surface, and a vial holder for holding the vial in an orientation relative to the flat exterior surface of the frame. The vial holder is configured to cooperate with one of the interior surfaces of the frame to define a cavity when the vial holder contacts the interior surface. The level also includes an adhesive disposed in the cavity to secure the vial holder to the frame.

Abstract: A level having a body with first and second operative walls interconnected by a web. The first wall having a first exterior operative surface and the second wall having a second exterior operative surface. The first surface and the second surface facing in opposite directions and being generally parallel to one another and the first exterior operative surface having an opening. The body further comprising a stop structure disposed between the operative walls. The level also including a level vial carried by the body and a magnet disposed in the opening and having one end abutting the stop structure. The magnet having an opposite end adjacent the first exterior operative surface for magnetically attracting a workpiece engaged with the first exterior operative surface. Another embodiment of a level includes a reinforcing wall disposed closer to the first operative wall than the second operative wall, with the reinforcing wall cooperating with the first operative wall to generally define a cavity.

Abstract: A level having a body with first and second operative walls interconnected by a web. The first wall having a first exterior operative surface and the second wall having a second exterior operative surface. The first surface and the second surface facing in opposite directions and being generally parallel to one another and the first exterior operative surface having an opening. The body further comprising a stop structure disposed between the operative walls. The level also including a level vial carried by the body and a magnet disposed in the opening and having one end abutting the stop structure. The magnet having an opposite end adjacent the first exterior operative surface for magnetically attracting a workpiece engaged with the first exterior operative surface. Another embodiment of a level includes a reinforcing wall disposed closer to the first operative wall than the second operative wall, with the reinforcing wall cooperating with the first operative wall to generally define a cavity.

Abstract: A level having a body with first and second operative walls interconnected by a web. The first wall having a first exterior operative surface and the second wall having a second exterior operative surface. The first surface and the second surface facing in opposite directions and being generally parallel to one another and the first exterior operative surface having an opening. The body further comprising a stop structure disposed between the operative walls. The level also including a level vial carried by the body and a magnet disposed in the opening and having one end abutting the stop structure. The magnet having an opposite end adjacent the first exterior operative surface for magnetically attracting a workpiece engaged with the first exterior operative surface. Another embodiment of a level includes a reinforcing wall disposed closer to the first operative wall than the second operative wall, with the reinforcing wall cooperating with the first operative wall to generally define a cavity.