Abstract: Computer-implemented systems and methods are provided for simulating immune response, including a processor operable to: determine a number of naive T-cells and a number of antigen-presenting cells within a system boundary; determine a number of bound naive T-cells within the system boundary based on the number of naive T-cells and the number of antigen-presenting cells within the system boundary; determine a number of bound primed T-cells within the system boundary based on the number of bound naive T-cells within the system boundary and the age of each bound naive T-cell; and determine a number of activated T-cells within the system boundary based on the number of bound primed T-cells within the system boundary and the age of each bound primed T-cell.

Abstract: A method of producing synthesis gas includes directing a first flow of hot synthesis gas through a first conduit, and directing a second flow of feed gas through at least one second conduit. The second conduit contains a reforming catalyst. The feed gas includes a mixture of steam and a hydrocarbon gas. The second conduit has an outer surface in contact with the hot synthesis gas. Heat from the hot synthesis gas is transferred across the second conduit to the feed gas thereby heating the feed gas and cooling the hot synthesis gas. The heated feed gas contacts the reforming catalyst and undergoes a reforming reaction that produces a third flow of synthesis gas.

Abstract: A distillation column for separating components of a feed stream is described herein. The distillation column has a top end; a bottom end spaced from the top end; a set of trays dispersed along a length of the distillation column between the top end and the bottom end; and a dividing wall extending between the top end and the bottom end to divide the distillation column into a pre-fractionation zone, a top zone, a bottom zone and an outflow zone. The feed stream includes a most volatile component, a first intermediate volatile component, a second intermediate volatile component and a least volatile component.

Abstract: A method of producing synthesis gas includes directing a first flow of hot synthesis gas through a first conduit, and directing a second flow of feed gas through at least one second conduit. The second conduit contains a reforming catalyst. The feed gas includes a mixture of steam and a hydrocarbon gas. The second conduit has an outer surface in contact with the hot synthesis gas. Heat from the hot synthesis gas is transferred across the second conduit to the feed gas thereby heating the feed gas and cooling the hot synthesis gas. The heated feed gas contacts the reforming catalyst and undergoes a reforming reaction that produces a third flow of synthesis gas.