Abstract: Photovoltaic cells comprising an active layer comprising, as p-type material, conjugated polymers such as polythiophene and regioregular polythiophene, and as n-type material at least one fullerene derivative. The fullerene derivative can be C60, C70, or C84. The fullerene also can be functionalized with indene groups. Improved efficiency can be achieved.

Abstract: Photovoltaic cells comprising an active layer comprising, as p-type material, conjugated polymers such as polythiophene and regioregular polythiophene, and as n-type material at least one fullerene derivative. The fullerene derivative can be C60, C70, or C84. The fullerene also can be functionalized with indene groups. Improved efficiency can be achieved.

Abstract: Photovoltaic cells comprising an active layer comprising, as p-type material, conjugated polymers such as polythiophene and regioregular polythiophene, and as n-type material at least one fullerene derivative. The fullerene derivative can be C60, C70, or C84. The fullerene also can be functionalized with indene groups. Improved efficiency can be achieved.

Abstract: Photovoltaic cells comprising an active layer comprising, as p-type material, conjugated polymers such as polythiophene and regioregular polythiophene, and as n-type material at least one fullerene derivative. The fullerene derivative can be C60, C70, or C84. The fullerene also can be functionalized with indene groups. Improved efficiency can be achieved.

Abstract: Core shell particles and bulk-heterojunction organic photovoltaic devices using the core shell particles are described. In particular, core shell particles having a core particle and a shell of a second material and bulk-heterojunction organic photovoltaic devices using the core-shell particles are described. The core-shell particles can have a core particle with an electron donating material or a core particle with an electron donating material. Formation of a hulk-heterojunction organic photovoltaic device using such an core-shell particles forming an interpenetrating network with the an electron donating or electron accepting phase is also described.

Abstract: Photovoltaic cells comprising an active layer comprising, as p-type material, conjugated polymers such as polythiophene and regioregular polythiophene, and as n-type material at least one fullerene derivative. The fullerene derivative can be C60, C70, or C84. The fullerene also can be functionalized with indene groups. Improved efficiency can be achieved.

Abstract: Photovoltaic cells comprising an active layer comprising, as p-type material, conjugated polymers such as polythiophene and regioregular polythiophene, and as n-type material at least one fullerene derivative. The fullerene derivative can be C60, C70, or C84. The fullerene also can be functionalized with indene groups. Improved efficiency can be achieved.

Abstract: Core shell particles and bulk-heterojunction organic photovoltaic devices using the core shell particles are described. In particular, core shell particles having a core particle and a shell of a second material and bulk-heterojunction organic photovoltaic devices using the core-shell particles are described. The core-shell particles can have a core particle with an electron donating material or a core particle with an electron donating material. Formation of a hulk-heterojunction organic photovoltaic device using such an core-shell particles forming an interpenetrating network with the an electron donating or electron accepting phase is also described.

Abstract: Purification methods for fullerene derivatives are described. The method comprises passing a solution of fullerene derivatives containing impurities such as other fullerene derivatives and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons through activated charcoals. Fullerene derivatives with high purity were obtained.

Abstract: Photovoltaic cells comprising an active layer comprising, as p-type material, conjugated polymers such as polythiophene and regioregular polythiophene, and as n-type material at least one fullerene derivative. The fullerene derivative can be C60, C70, or C84. The fullerene also can be functionalized with indene groups. Improved efficiency can be achieved.

Abstract: Photovoltaic cells comprising an active layer comprising, as p-type material, conjugated polymers such as polythiophene and regioregular polythiophene, and as n-type material at least one fullerene derivative. The fullerene derivative can be C60, C70, or C84. The fullerene also can be functionalized with indene groups. Improved efficiency can be achieved.