Abstract: The present disclosure provides novel compositions and methods for collectively transforming or genetically modifying a population of distinct germplasm of different germplasms or having different genotypes. The compositions of the present disclosure may include a population of distinct germplasm, such as embryo explants, and a heterologous polynucleotide molecule, a ribonucleoprotein, or a site-specific nuclease. The methods of the present disclosure may include one or more steps of explant preparation, explant rehydration, Rhizobiales bacterium inoculation and co-culture or particle bombardment, bud induction, extended bud induction, and/or regeneration or development of genetically modified plants or plant parts. The methods provided herein may include transforming at least one plant cell of the embryo explants with a heterologous polynucleotide.

Abstract: An optical film for a back light unit that includes an array of light emitting diodes. The optical film includes a substrate, and a plurality of regions of spatially modulated microstructures on at least one side of the substrate. The spatially modulated microstructures have different sizes and/or shapes configured to create a gradient structure within each region. The gradient structure within each region is constructed and arranged to cause more spreading of light when positioned directly above an individual light emitting diode and less spreading of light at locations not directly above an individual light emitting diode. Within the back light unit, the gradient structure converts light beams emitted by the respective light emitting diode at different angles into a more uniform and higher on-axis luminance upon exiting the back light unit.

Abstract: A light transmissive substrate for transforming a Lambertian light distribution into a batwing light distribution. The light transmissive substrate includes a first surface comprising a plurality of microstructures, and a second surface on a side of the substrate opposite the first surface. The substrate is configured to receive light in a Lambertian distribution from a light source at the first surface and transform the light into a batwing distribution exiting the second surface. The batwing distribution having a peak intensity at about ±30° to about ±60° from X and Y axes, and a minimum intensity at nadir.

Abstract: A light transmissive substrate for transforming a Lambertian light distribution into a batwing light distribution. The light transmissive substrate includes a first surface comprising a plurality of microstructures, and a second surface on a side of the substrate opposite the first surface. The substrate is configured to receive light in a Lambertian distribution from a light source at the first surface and transform the light into a batwing distribution exiting the second surface. The batwing distribution having a peak intensity at about ±30° to about ±60° from X and Y axes, and a minimum intensity at nadir.

Abstract: An optical film for a back light unit that includes an array of light emitting diodes. The optical film includes a substrate, and a plurality of regions of spatially modulated microstructures on at least one side of the substrate. The spatially modulated microstructures have different sizes and/or shapes configured to create a gradient structure within each region. The gradient structure within each region is constructed and arranged to cause more spreading of light when positioned directly above an individual light emitting diode and less spreading of light at locations not directly above an individual light emitting diode. Within the back light unit, the gradient structure converts light beams emitted by the respective light emitting diode at different angles into a more uniform and higher on-axis luminance upon exiting the back light unit.

Abstract: An optical film for a back light unit that includes an array of light emitting diodes. The optical film includes a substrate, and a plurality of regions of spatially modulated microstructures on at least one side of the substrate. The spatially modulated microstructures have different sizes and/or shapes configured to create a gradient structure within each region. The gradient structure within each region is constructed and arranged to cause more spreading of light when positioned directly above an individual light emitting diode and less spreading of light at locations not directly above an individual light emitting diode. Within the back light unit, the gradient structure converts light beams emitted by the respective light emitting diode at different angles into a more uniform and higher on-axis luminance upon exiting the back light unit.

Abstract: A light transmissive substrate for transforming a Lambertian light distribution into a batwing light distribution. The light transmissive substrate includes a first surface comprising a plurality of microstructures, and a second surface on a side of the substrate opposite the first surface. The substrate is configured to receive light in a Lambertian distribution from a light source at the first surface and transform the light into a batwing distribution exiting the second surface. The batwing distribution having a peak intensity at about ±30° to about ±60° from X and Y axes, and a minimum intensity at nadir.

Abstract: A light transmissive substrate for transforming a Lambertian light distribution into a batwing light distribution. The light transmissive substrate includes a first surface comprising a plurality of microstructures, and a second surface on a side of the substrate opposite the first surface. The substrate is configured to receive light in a Lambertian distribution from a light source at the first surface and transform the light into a batwing distribution exiting the second surface. The batwing distribution having a peak intensity at about ±30° to about ±60° from X and Y axes, and a minimum intensity at nadir.

Abstract: An optical film for a back light unit that includes an array of light emitting diodes. The optical film includes a substrate, and a plurality of regions of spatially modulated microstructures on at least one side of the substrate. The spatially modulated microstructures have different sizes and/or shapes configured to create a gradient structure within each region. The gradient structure within each region is constructed and arranged to cause more spreading of light when positioned directly above an individual light emitting diode and less spreading of light at locations not directly above an individual light emitting diode. Within the back light unit, the gradient structure converts light beams emitted by the respective light emitting diode at different angles into a more uniform and higher on-axis luminance upon exiting the back light unit.

Abstract: A light transmissive substrate for transforming a Lam bertian light distribution into a batwing light distribution. The light transmissive substrate includes a first surface comprising a plurality of microstructures, and a second surface on a side of the substrate opposite the first surface. The substrate is configured to receive light in a Lambertian distribution from a light source at the first surface and transform the light into a batwing distribution exiting the second surface. The batwing distribution having a peak intensity at about ±30° to about ±60° from X and Y axes, and a minimum intensity at nadir.

Abstract: A hair-coloring predictive test system and method allowing the pre-application testing of one or more hair dyes by applying the dye to a striated color-base blotter formulated and colored to correspond to a client's hair, either before or after optional lightening, resulting in an example swatch showing the highlights, mid-tones, and shadow tones that will be seen in the corresponding real hair.

Abstract: A hair-coloring predictive test system and method allowing the pre-application testing of one or more hair dyes by applying the dye to a striated color-base blotter formulated and colored to correspond to a client's hair, either before or after optional lightening, resulting in an example swatch showing the highlights, mid-tones, and shadow tones that will be seen in the corresponding real hair.

Abstract: A light distribution device includes a light transmissive substrate having first and second opposing faces and a plurality of substantially parallel linear prisms on the second face that extend in a longitudinal direction of the substrate. The light distribution device is configured to connect to a light assembly including a linear light source with the first face of the substrate facing the light source, with the linear prisms substantially parallel to a light source longitudinal axis and with and the substrate having a non-planar cross-sectional shape such that at least a major portion of the substrate is concave relative to the light source. When connected, the light distribution device is configured to receive light from the light source and distribute the light emerging from the second face of the substrate in a batwing distribution pattern in a plane perpendicular to the light source longitudinal axis.

Abstract: Light transmissive structures include a light transmissive substrate that includes optical microstructures. The optical microstructures have a geometric feature that is configured to reduce glare in light transmitted through the light transmissive structure. Moreover, the plurality of optical microstructures also have a geometric feature that is configured to vary randomly and/or pseudorandomly across the light transmissive substrate so as to diffuse light transmitted through the light transmissive structure. Related fabrication methods are also described.

Abstract: A light distribution device includes a light transmissive substrate having first and second opposing faces and a plurality of substantially parallel linear prisms on the second face that extend in a longitudinal direction of the substrate. The light distribution device is configured to connect to a light assembly including a linear light source with the first face of the substrate facing the light source, with the linear prisms substantially parallel to a light source longitudinal axis and with and the substrate having a non-planar cross-sectional shape such that at least a major portion of the substrate is concave relative to the light source. When connected, the light distribution device is configured to receive light from the light source and distribute the light emerging from the second face of the substrate in a batwing distribution pattern in a plane perpendicular to the light source longitudinal axis.

Abstract: Light transmissive structures include a light transmissive substrate that includes optical microstructures. The optical microstructures have a geometric feature that is configured to reduce glare in light transmitted through the light transmissive structure. Moreover, the plurality of optical microstructures also have a geometric feature that is configured to vary randomly and/or pseudorandomly across the light transmissive substrate so as to diffuse light transmitted through the light transmissive structure. Related fabrication methods are also described.

Abstract: Microstructures are fabricated by impinging a radiation beam, such as a laser beam, through a substrate that is transparent to the laser beam, into a negative photoresist layer on the substrate. The negative photoresist layer may be subsequently developed to provide a master for optical and/or mechanical microstructures. Related systems, microstructure products and microstructure masters also are disclosed.

Abstract: Microstructures are fabricated by impinging a radiation beam, such as a laser beam, through a substrate that is transparent to the laser beam, into a negative photoresist layer on the substrate. The negative photoresist layer may be subsequently developed to provide a master for optical and/or mechanical microstructures. Related systems, microstructure products and microstructure masters also are disclosed.

Abstract: Microstructures are fabricated by impinging a radiation beam, such as a laser beam, through a substrate that is transparent to the laser beam, into a negative photoresist layer on the substrate. The negative photoresist layer may be subsequently developed to provide a master for optical and/or mechanical microstructures. Related systems, microstructure products and microstructure masters also are disclosed.

Abstract: Microlens arrays include a substrate, an array of microlenses on a first side of the substrate and an aperture mask on a second side of the substrate. The aperture mask includes an array of apertures at optical axes of the lenses. A second array of apertures may be included in the aperture mask at randomized positions therein. The randomized apertures may be provided in the aperture mask by providing a diffusive layer between the aperture mask and the substrate, and directing coherent radiation through the lens array, the diffusive layer and aperture mask.