Abstract: A redundant power supply is provided having a first power supply, which is connectable to a busbar by a first tie switch and is disconnectably connected to a first load by a first line system, and having a second power supply, which is connectable to the busbar by a second tie switch and is disconnectably connected to the first load by a second line system, and having a third power supply, which is connectable to the busbar by a third tie switch and is disconnectably connected to a second load by a third line system, and having a fourth power supply, which is connectable to the busbar by a fourth tie switch and is disconnectably connected to the second load by a fourth line system. All of the tie switches are open during trouble-free operation.

Abstract: An electrical network includes feed-in means, loads, and a distribution network located therebetween which includes at least one dynamic isolator and busbars. The feed-in means and the loads together with associated busbars are disposed in groups which can be electrically interconnected or disconnected by the at least one dynamic isolator. The at least one dynamic isolator monitors the voltage on the busbars adjacent thereto for a voltage difference. In a normal state without a voltage difference, the at least one dynamic isolator electrically disconnects the groups from one another, and in the event of a voltage difference between the busbars adjacent thereto, the at least one dynamic isolator electrically connects the groups to one another.

Abstract: An electrical network is equipped with feed-in devices, loads, a distribution grid arranged therebetween, at least one semiconductor switch, and at least one electromechanical switch for separating a feed-in device or a load in the event of a fault. The feed-in devices and loads are arranged in groups which are connected together by a busbar and paired semiconductor switches. Each feed-in device and load can be separated from the grid by an electromechanical switch in the event of a fault, and the individual groups of feed-in devices and loads can be separated from one another by the semiconductor switches in the event of a fault in order to prevent cross currents on the busbar.

Abstract: A switching device is for coupling a DC voltage branch to a DC voltage bus. The switching device includes a series circuit including a first switching module and a second switching module. A first diode is connected in parallel with the first semiconductor switching element and a second diode is connected in parallel with the second semiconductor switching element. A third semiconductor switching element is connected in parallel with the series circuit. A control device is connected to the first and second semiconductor switching elements, to the bridging semiconductor switching element, to the voltage sensor and to the current sensor. The control device is configured to, upon a first threshold value of the voltage being undershot and current flowing in an exceptional case, switch the bridging semiconductor switching element to the conducting state in order to facilitate a current flow from the DC voltage branch to the DC voltage bus.

Abstract: A redundant power supply has a first power supply, which is disconnectedly connected to a busbar by means of a first tie switch and is connectable to a first load without a tie switch, and having a second power supply, which is disconnectedly connected to the busbar by means of a second tie switch and is connectable to the first load without a tie switch, and having a third power supply, which is disconnectedly connected to the busbar by means of a third tie switch and is connectable to a second load without a tie switch, and having a fourth power supply, which is disconnectedly connected to the busbar by means of a fourth tie switch and is connectable to the second load without a tie switch. All of the tie switches are closed during trouble-free operation.

Abstract: An electric grid includes feed-ins, loads, and a distribution grid, which is arranged therebetween. The distribution grid comprises at least one busbar and at least one device for opening or closing a DC circuit. The at least one device includes an electric switch for opening or closing the DC circuit, a fault current detector, a trigger unit, a precharging device, and a control unit for automatically closing the electric switch after the precharging process. The electric switch opens the DC circuit via the trigger unit if a fault current is detected by the fault current detector, and the precharging device restores the voltage on the busbar prior to closing the electric switch.

Abstract: A DC voltage switch includes a semiconductor-based electronically controllable switching device, a sensor provided upstream of the switching device for determining the DC voltage bus-side voltage level, a sensor provided downstream of the switching device for determining the DC voltage branch-side voltage level, a current sensor for determining current level and direction, a control device designed such that the direction and level of the current are determined, the flow of current is interrupted by the switching device when a first threshold value of the current level is exceeded, and when the first threshold value of the current level is exceeded in the reverse direction: the DC voltage bus-side voltage level is compared with the DC voltage branch-side voltage level, and the switching device is switched on upon a voltage difference being less than a voltage difference value.

Abstract: A redundant power supply has a first power supply, which is disconnectedly connected to a busbar by means of a first tie switch and is connectable to a first load without a tie switch, and having a second power supply, which is disconnectedly connected to the busbar by means of a second tie switch and is connectable to the first load without a tie switch, and having a third power supply, which is disconnectedly connected to the busbar by means of a third tie switch and is connectable to a second load without a tie switch, and having a fourth power supply, which is disconnectedly connected to the busbar by means of a fourth tie switch and is connectable to the second load without a tie switch. All of the tie switches are closed during trouble-free operation.

Abstract: A redundant power supply is provided having a first power supply, which is connectable to a busbar by a first tie switch and is disconnectably connected to a first load by a first line system, and having a second power supply, which is connectable to the busbar by a second tie switch and is disconnectably connected to the first load by a second line system, and having a third power supply, which is connectable to the busbar by a third tie switch and is disconnectably connected to a second load by a third line system, and having a fourth power supply, which is connectable to the busbar by a fourth tie switch and is disconnectably connected to the second load by a fourth line system. All of the tie switches are open during trouble-free operation.

Abstract: A circuit breaker device is for coupling a DC voltage branch to a positive and a negative conductor on a DC voltage bus. In an embodiment, the circuit breaker device includes a series circuit including a safety fuse and a unidirectional switch module. The switch module has a parallel circuit includes a controllable semiconductor switch element that is conductive in a first current direction and a diode that is conductive in the opposite current direction.

Abstract: An electrical network includes feed-in means, loads, and a distribution network located therebetween which includes at least one dynamic isolator and busbars. The feed-in means and the loads together with associated busbars are disposed in groups which can be electrically interconnected or disconnected by the at least one dynamic isolator. The at least one dynamic isolator monitors the voltage on the busbars adjacent thereto for a voltage difference. In a normal state without a voltage difference, the at least one dynamic isolator electrically disconnects the groups from one another, and in the event of a voltage difference between the busbars adjacent thereto, the at least one dynamic isolator electrically connects the groups to one another.

Abstract: An electrical network is equipped with feed-in devices, loads, a distribution grid arranged therebetween, at least one semiconductor switch, and at least one electromechanical switch for separating a feed-in device or a load in the event of a fault. The feed-in devices and loads are arranged in groups which are connected together by a busbar and paired semiconductor switches. Each feed-in device and load can be separated from the grid by an electromechanical switch in the event of a fault, and the individual groups of feed-in devices and loads can be separated from one another by the semiconductor switches in the event of a fault in order to prevent cross currents on the busbar.

Abstract: An electric grid includes feed-ins, loads, and a distribution grid, which is arranged therebetween. The distribution grid comprises at least one busbar and at least one device for opening or closing a DC circuit. The at least one device includes an electric switch for opening or closing the DC circuit, a fault current detector, a trigger unit, a precharging device, and a control unit for automatically closing the electric switch after the precharging process. The electric switch opens the DC circuit via the trigger unit if a fault current is detected by the fault current detector, and the precharging device restores the voltage on the busbar prior to closing the electric switch.

Abstract: A circuit breaker device is for coupling a DC voltage branch to a positive and a negative conductor on a DC voltage bus. In an embodiment, the circuit breaker device includes a series circuit including a safety fuse and a unidirectional switch module. The switch module has a parallel circuit includes a controllable semiconductor switch element that is conductive in a first current direction and a diode that is conductive in the opposite current direction.

Abstract: A switching device is for coupling a DC voltage branch to a DC voltage bus. The switching device includes a series circuit including a first switching module and a second switching module. A first diode is connected in parallel with the first semiconductor switching element and a second diode is connected in parallel with the second semiconductor switching element. A third semiconductor switching element is connected in parallel with the series circuit. A control device is connected to the first and second semiconductor switching elements, to the bridging semiconductor switching element, to the voltage sensor and to the current sensor. The control device is configured to, upon a first threshold value of the voltage being undershot and current flowing in an exceptional case, switch the bridging semiconductor switching element to the conducting state in order to facilitate a current flow from the DC voltage branch to the DC voltage bus.

Abstract: A DC voltage switch includes a semiconductor-based electronically controllable switching device, a sensor provided upstream of the switching device for determining the DC voltage bus-side voltage level, a sensor provided downstream of the switching device for determining the DC voltage branch-side voltage level, a current sensor for determining current level and direction, a control device designed such that the direction and level of the current are determined, the flow of current is interrupted by the switching device when a first threshold value of the current level is exceeded, and when the first threshold value of the current level is exceeded in the reverse direction: the DC voltage bus-side voltage level is compared with the DC voltage branch-side voltage level, and the switching device is switched on upon a voltage difference being less than a voltage difference value.

Abstract: A method for calculating the contact state of an electrical switch is disclosed, In an embodiment, the method includes: collecting first input values for calculating the contact state in a first component of the electrical switch; collecting second input values for calculating the contact state in a second component of the electrical switch; and calculating the contact state of the electrical switch from the first input values and the second input values.

Abstract: A transdermal delivery device (10, 10?) includes at least one of a backing layer (14) and a removable release liner (16). An active layer (12, 12?) is supported by the backing layer and/or release liner. The active layer includes a polymer matrix, a therapeutically/cosmetically effective amount of an active agent dispersed in the polymer matrix, and a pressure sensitive adhesive, incorporated in the polymer matrix and/or adhered thereto. The polymer matrix includes a thermoplastic polyurethane polymer and optionally, a poly(meth)acrylate polymer. The thermoplastic polyurethane polymer includes the reaction product of: a first polyether polyol A having a molecular weight of at least 3000 daltons and/or a second polyether polyol B having a molecular weight of no more than 2500 daltons; a third polyol C having a molecular weight of up to 800 daltons and/or a chain extender; a polyisocyanate; and optionally a catalyst.

Abstract: The present invention provides a microgrid system. The microgrid system includes a microgrid bus, electrically connected to an external grid; microgrid branches, electrically connected to the microgrid bus; nanogrids, electrically connected to the microgrid branches; and microgrid protection devices, each of the microgrid protection devices including at least one of a protection device connected between the microgrid bus and the external grid, protection devices connected between the microgrid branches and the microgrid bus and protection devices connected between nanogrids and microgrid branches, each of the microgrid protection devices being configured to break at least one of an electrical connection between the microgrid bus and the external grid, electrical connections between the microgrid branches and the microgrid bus and an electrical connections between the nanogrids and the microgrid branches upon at least one of the external grid, the microgrid bus and the microgrid branches malfunctioning.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a transdermal therapeutic system for administering an active substance through the skin, comprising: a) a cover layer, b) a reservoir present on the cover layer, comprising a polymer matrix comprising the active substance, c) an adhesive layer present on the reservoir comprising a contact adhesive, and d) a removable layer present on the adhesive layer, the active substance being rivastigmine, a physiologically compatible salt, hydrate, solvate or derivative thereof, characterized in that the polymer matrix of the reservoir comprises neither hydroxyl groups nor carboxyl groups.