Abstract: A process produces high-purity vanadium chemicals from vanadium raw materials having high molybdenum contents. Molybdenum is selectively precipitated via vanadium from alkaline vanadate solutions using the following process steps: providing a molybdenum-containing alkaline vanadate solution, adding calcium hydroxide as a precipitant in portions while keeping the pH constant between 6 and 7 using acid, mixing the solution, solid-liquid separation of the resulting suspension, and further processing the low-molybdenum alkaline vanadate solution to produce a high-purity vanadium chemical having a molybdenum content of at most 500 ppm.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for measuring a concentration of a gas in a gas mixture, said method comprising that: a light beam modulated in a ramp shape and/or in a step shape in its wavelength and additionally periodically modulated, in particular in its wavelength, is transmitted from a light source, in particular a laser, into a measurement zone; the modulated light beam passes through a gas mixture in the measurement zone and is detected as reception light by a detector, wherein the reception light is converted by the detector into a detector signal; a derivative signal is determined based on the detector signal by performing a transformation of the detector signal into the frequency range, in particular by a Fourier transform of the detector signal, wherein an evaluation of the detector signal transformed into the frequency range is performed, in particular only, for an n-fold of the frequency of the modulated light beam in order to obtain the derivative signal; and at least two measurement values

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for measuring a concentration of a gas in a gas mixture, said method comprising that: a light beam modulated in a ramp shape and/or in a step shape in its wavelength and additionally periodically modulated, in particular in its wavelength, is transmitted from a light source, in particular a laser, into a measurement zone; the modulated light beam passes through a gas mixture in the measurement zone and is detected as reception light by a detector, wherein the reception light is converted by the detector into a detector signal; a derivative signal is determined based on the detector signal by performing a transformation of the detector signal into the frequency range, in particular by a Fourier transform of the detector signal, wherein an evaluation of the detector signal transformed into the frequency range is performed, in particular only, for an n-fold of the frequency of the modulated light beam in order to obtain the derivative signal; and at least two measurement values

Abstract: Described is a detection device, a head-up display (HUD) and a method for operating a HUD. The detection device, the HUD and the method for operating an HUD are designed to protect an imager of the HUD from damage by incident radiation and to avoid or at least significantly reduce a glare effect of the HUD. The detection device comprises an optical element with a reflecting area and a passband, where the optical transparency of the passband is greater than the optical transparency of the reflecting area. The passband is completely enclosed by the reflecting area, the surface of the passband is smaller than the surface of the reflecting area, and the detection device is optically coupled to the passband. The detection device determines the intensity of a radiation incident on the detection device.

Abstract: A method of securing a modulation range of a wavelength-variable radiation source as part of the measurement of an absorption line of a substance comprises: the radiation source being controlled to transmit radiation such that the wavelength of the radiation runs through the modulation range in accordance with a time pattern; the radiation being filtered by means of a filter in whose pass band the absorption line is disposed and which has at least one filter flank whose actual wavelength is within the modulation range; a spectrum of the filtered radiation being determined in that the intensity of the filtered radiation is detected with respect to the time pattern; and a determination being made whether the spectrum has the at least one filter flank.

Abstract: Described is an optical system and method for operating an HUD. The optical system includes an imaging system that generates optical radiation based on image information, a display system that projects the optical radiation, a deflection device that deflects the projected optical radiation, and at least one optically transparent pane-shaped element that at least partially reflects the deflected optical radiation. The deflection device guides the projected optical radiation onto the pane-shaped element, the optical radiation hitting the pane-shaped element at an angle. The imaging system, the display system, the deflection device and the pane-shaped element are arranged to generate a virtual image of optical radiation containing the image information. The optical system includes first and second edge points of the pane-shaped element. The first edge point has a minimal distance (dmin(1)) to the deflection device and the second edge point has a minimal distance (dmin(2)) to the imaging system.

Abstract: A rotary flow forming apparatus for producing light alloy rims contains a main spindle with a clamping apparatus for a rim blank. An outer pressure roller is provided and is deliverable radially from the outside in and is movable parallel to the spindle axis, for producing an outer contour of the light alloy rim. The apparatus does not require massive internal dies and thereby significantly reduces the production costs and significantly improves the efficiency of rim production, which is achieved by the fact that the rotary flow forming apparatus has an inner pressure roller for generating an inner contour of the light alloy rim, which is arranged in the region of the inner side of the rim blank opposite the outer pressure roller and is mounted so as to be movable parallel to the spindle axis, rotatable, and deliverable radially from the inside outward to the rim blank.

Abstract: Described is an arrangement for the transformation of laser radiation. A projection system for generating spatially modulated laser radiation includes an optical arrangement for transforming laser radiation, a field lens, a spatial light modulator and a projection arrangement. By means of the optical arrangement, incidental laser radiation in a first direction (E) is reflected on an aspherically curved, reflective surface in a second direction (R), where in a plane perpendicular to the first direction (E) the laser radiation has an inhomogeneous beam profile (GB1, G2) with a first beam axis (A) and a second beams axis (B) perpendicular to the latter, and the aspherical curvature is designed, during the reflection on the reflective surface, to transform the inhomogeneous beam profile of the laser radiation for the first beam axis (A) and/or the second beam axis (B) respectively into a homogenous top-hat beam profile (H).

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of determining the concentration of a gas component comprising the steps: generating and guiding a light beam having a wavelength variable in a wavelength range through a measurement volume in which the gas component having an absorption in the wavelength range is present; tuning the wavelength range; detecting the intensity of the light beam after passage through the measurement volume; storage of measurement points during the tuning that respectively consist of a point in time and an associated intensity value, to obtain a direct absorption line; generating an artificial measurement curve from the stored measurement points by shifting the measurement points on the time axis; wherein the shift takes place so that an artificial modulation results in the wavelength time extent; and evaluating the artificial measurement curve in accordance with the method of the wavelength modulation spectroscopy and determining a first concentration value therefrom.

Abstract: A vehicle console includes a console body defining a storage compartment accessible through an upper opening and an adjustable armrest held displaceably on a basic body mounted pivotably on the console body and between first and pivoting positions. A guide in the form of a one-sided guide rail provided in the upper part of the console body extending in a longitudinal direction of the opening. A locking element guided on one side of the rail is displaceable together with the armrest along the basic body, protrudes out of the armrest, and is retractable into the armrest by an actuating mechanism. The guide is arranged on an inner side of the storage compartment in the console body, and, in the first pivoting position, the at least one locking element, in its position protruding from the armrest, is guided in a sliding manner on the inner side of the storage compartment.

Abstract: A method of securing a modulation range of a wavelength-variable radiation source as part of the measurement of an absorption line of a substance comprises: the radiation source being controlled to transmit radiation such that the wavelength of the radiation runs through the modulation range in accordance with a time pattern; the radiation being filtered by means of a filter in whose pass band the absorption line is disposed and which has at least one filter flank whose actual wavelength is within the modulation range; a spectrum of the filtered radiation being determined in that the intensity of the filtered radiation is detected with respect to the time pattern; and a determination being made whether the spectrum has the at least one filter flank.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and to a spectrometer for determining the concentration of a gas component, wherein a light source of the spectrometer is operated as in wavelength modulation spectroscopy (WMS). Thus a determination of the concentration can also take place in accordance with WMS and the measured data can, however, additionally be processed, namely a sorting takes place on the time axis, such that the concentration can be determined using the methods of direct absorption spectroscopy (DAS).

Abstract: Described is a detection device, a head-up display (HUD) and a method for operating a HUD. The detection device, the HUD and the method for operating an HUD are designed to protect an imager of the HUD from damage by incident radiation and to avoid or at least significantly reduce a glare effect of the HUD. The detection device comprises an optical element with a reflecting area and a passband, where the optical transparency of the passband is greater than the optical transparency of the reflecting area. The passband is completely enclosed by the reflecting area, the surface of the passband is smaller than the surface of the reflecting area, and the detection device is optically coupled to the passband. The detection device determines the intensity of a radiation incident on the detection device.

Abstract: Described is an optical system and method for operating an HUD. The optical system includes an imaging system that generates optical radiation based on image information, a display system that projects the optical radiation, a deflection device that deflects the projected optical radiation, and at least one optically transparent pane-shaped element that at least partially reflects the deflected optical radiation. The deflection device guides the projected optical radiation onto the pane-shaped element, the optical radiation hitting the pane-shaped element at an angle. The imaging system, the display system, the deflection device and the pane-shaped element are arranged to generate a virtual image of optical radiation containing the image information. The optical system includes first and second edge points of the pane-shaped element. The first edge point has a minimal distance (dmin(1)) to the deflection device and the second edge point has a minimal distance (dmin(2)) to the imaging system.

Abstract: Described is an arrangement for the transformation of laser radiation. A projection system for generating spatially modulated laser radiation includes an optical arrangement for transforming laser radiation, a field lens, a spatial light modulator and a projection arrangement. By means of the optical arrangement, incidental laser radiation in a first direction (E) is reflected on an aspherically curved, reflective surface in a second direction (R), where in a plane perpendicular to the first direction (E) the laser radiation has an inhomogeneous beam profile (G1, G2) with a first beam axis (A) and a second beams axis (B) perpendicular to the latter, and the aspherical curvature is designed, during the reflection on the reflective surface, to transform the inhomogeneous beam profile of the laser radiation for the first beam axis (A) and/or the second beam axis (B) respectively into a homogenous top-hat beam profile (H).

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and to a spectrometer for determining the concentration of a gas component, wherein a light source of the spectrometer is operated as in WMS and thus a determination of the concentration can also take place in accordance with WMS and the measured data can, however, additionally be processed, namely a sorting takes place on the time axis, such that the concentration can be determined using the methods of DAS.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of determining the concentration of a gas component comprising the steps: generating and guiding a light beam having a wavelength variable in a wavelength range through a measurement volume in which the gas component having an absorption in the wavelength range is present; tuning the wavelength range; detecting the intensity of the light beam after passage through the measurement volume; storage of measurement points during the tuning that respectively consist of a point in time and an associated intensity value, to obtain a direct absorption line; generating an artificial measurement curve from the stored measurement points by shifting the measurement points on the time axis; wherein the shift takes place so that an artificial modulation results in the wavelength time extent; and evaluating the artificial measurement curve in accordance with the method of the wavelength modulation spectroscopy and determining a first concentration value therefrom.

Abstract: A spectrometer has a first and second light sources (12, 14) which generate light radiation (24) in a first and second wavelength ranges, and a mirror unit (16) for deflecting the light radiation (24, 26) into a measurement path (18), arranged so that the radiation of both wavelength ranges (24, 26) runs through on the same optical path. A detector (20) detects radiation (24, 26) running through the measurement path (18) and an evaluation unit (22) evaluates the radiation (24, 26) incident at the detector (20) and for determining a concentration of a measurement gas component present in the measurement path (18). The mirror unit (16) is configured as a micromirror array (32) and that a single micromirror (34) only deflects a portion of the radiation (24, 26).

Abstract: A method of determining a concentration of a gas in a sample and/or the composition of a gas using a spectrometer comprises transmitting of radiation whose wavelength substantially continuously runs through a wavelength range, wherein the continuous running through of the wavelength range is overlaid by a wavelength modulation; measuring of an absorption signal as a function of the wavelength of the radiation; converting of the absorption signal into first and second derivative signals; deriving of a first and a second measured gas concentration value from the first and the second derivative signals, respectively; and determining of the concentration and/or the composition of the gas from at least the first measured gas concentration value, wherein the wavelength modulation is adapted in response to a change of a state variable of the gas such that a ratio between the first and the second measured gas concentration values is kept substantially constant.

Abstract: A cover for an aperture in a vehicle wall for a handbrake lever includes various elements. For example, the cover might include an opening region with an opening through which the force-transmitting means can pass and a support region for supporting the cover on the wall. In addition, the opening region might slidably attach to the handbrake lever, such that the opening region slides when the handbrake lever is adjusted. A flexible wall element at least partially attaches over the opening region and the support region, and spring devices are attached to the opening region and the support region to provide tension to the flexible wall element.