Abstract: The invention relates to a method for training an artificial neural network (ANN) for object detection in images. The method includes a training phase of training the ANN with a training database (TDB) that includes training images, and measuring a performance of the trained ANN with a validation database that includes validation images. If the measured performance is not satisfactory, the method further includes an enhancing phase of detecting a mismatch between the validation images and a response of the trained ANN in response to the validation images, correlating the mismatch to a characteristic of the training images that impacts the training of the ANN, modifying the training database according to the characteristic, and training the ANN with the modified training database. The invention further relates to a non-transitory computer program and a device configured to carry out the method, and to an artificial neural network trained with the method.

Abstract: The profile of the spinal column and changes in the profile of the spinal column are continuously measured during movement along the entire spinal column in all degrees of freedom of its deformation.

Abstract: A method for determining optical characteristics of a channel waveguide by way of beam tracking by calculating a profile of sample beams using geometrical optics, in which first the profile is determined as a curve by projection into a two-dimensional area, then a three-dimensional area is determined by the curve, in which area the three-dimensional profile is determined as a substantially two-dimensional problem. A device or installation and a software product which use the method are also provided.

Abstract: The profile of the spinal column and changes in the profile of the spinal column are continuously measured during movement along the entire spinal column in all degrees of freedom of its deformation.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for determining the transmission behaviour of an optical waveguide with a step index profile, wherein the optical waveguide is composed of guide pieces, protruding into each other, so that the surfaces of said guide pieces comprise real and virtual surfaces, lying respectively outside and inside another guide piece. The transmission behaviour is determined by geometric ray tracing, wherein the points of intersection of a ray with the surfaces of the guide pieces are determined, which are thus defined analytically, in particular, by extrusion of cross sections along an axial trajectory. A real material transition can be determined by an iterative procedure.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for determining the transmission behaviour of an optical waveguide with a step index profile, wherein the optical waveguide is composed of guide pieces, protruding into each other, so that the surfaces of said guide pieces comprise real and virtual surfaces, lying respectively outside and inside another guide piece. The transmission behaviour is determined by geometric ray tracing, wherein the points of intersection of a ray with the surfaces of the guide pieces are determined, which are thus defined analytically, in particular, by extrusion of cross sections along an axial trajectory. A real material transition can be determined by an iterative procedure.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for computationally determining optical properties of a channel waveguide, according to which, for an incident ray entering an entrance surface, the distribution of intensity over an emergence surface is determined by adjoined partial rays that possibly split up. From an incident partial ray striking the outer surface, a predetermined algorithm determines a reflected main ray and, in so far as it is necessary according to the ensuing course of events, determines a number of scattered rays of a higher order, which depict partial rays and are recursively traced further. Each partial ray is either a primary ray or a secondary ray. When the incident partial ray is a primary ray, the reflected main ray is a primary ray once again, and the scattered rays are secondary rays. During the reflection of secondary ray, only the reflected main ray is considered as the secondary ray.

Abstract: Simulation of the transmission behavior of opto-electronic connections, by which the transmitter or the receiver is represented by at least two optical outputs or inputs and the optical line is represented by corresponding multi-poles, considers the spatial distribution of the emitted or received optical radiation.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for computationally determining optical properties of a channel waveguide, according to which, for an incident ray entering an entrance surface, the distribution of intensity over an emergence surface is determined by adjoined partial rays that possibly split up. From an incident partial ray striking the outer surface, a predetermined algorithm determines a reflected main ray and, in so far as it is necessary according to the ensuing course of events, determines a number of scattered rays of a higher order, which depict partial rays and are recursively traced further. Each partial ray is either a primary ray or a secondary ray. When the incident partial ray is a primary ray, the reflected main ray is a primary ray once again, and the scattered rays are secondary rays. During the reflection of secondary ray, only the reflected main ray is considered as the secondary ray.