Abstract: The nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) content of lean-burn engine exhaust is beneficially prepared for selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of these oxides to nitrogen by two sidestream additions to the exhaust. An ozone-containing air stream is added to the exhaust to affect oxidation of NO to NO2. And a hydrocarbon(s) fuel constituent is added to a second humidified ozone-containing air stream and that mixture subjected to UV radiation. Strongly oxidizing hydroxyl radicals are formed by interaction of ozone, water, and UV radiation for reaction with the hydrocarbon. The resulting partially oxidized hydrocarbons (Pox) are added to the exhaust, providing effective reduction materials for the SCR of NO2 to nitrogen and water.

Abstract: An engine fuel injector for spraying fuel into an air intake passage includes an injection nozzle having a fuel passage with a valve seat selectively engagable by an electromagnetically-actuated valve member to control fuel delivery through the nozzle. A director plate outwardly adjacent the valve seat includes: an inner side, adapted for exposure to liquid fuel in the nozzle; a plurality of spray openings through the plate, adapted for directing fuel spray into such air intake passage for mixing and vaporization with air charges in the passage; and an outer side, adapted for exposure to mixtures of engine intake air and fuel spray in the intake passage. The director plate has at least a portion formed of a conductive fuel deposit-resistant fluoropolymer material. The plate may be formed of the fluoropolymer or the material may be coated onto a supporting substrate.

Abstract: Antifoam compositions for functional fluids contain antifoam agents comprising perfluoropolyether compounds (PFPE). An automatic transmission fluid is provided containing the antifoam composition in a lubricating base oil, along with conventional additives such as antiwear agents. Automobile transmissions are provided that contain an automatic transmission fluid containing the new antifoam compositions. In a further embodiment, methods are provided for reducing foam in an engine oil or unwanted noise in an automobile transmission during operation, comprising lubricating the engine or transmission with a lubricating fluid containing the antifoam compositions of the invention.