Abstract: A neuromodulation therapy is delivered via at least one electrode implanted subcutaneously and superficially to a fascia layer superficial to a nerve of a patient. In one example, an implantable medical device is deployed along a superficial surface of a deep fascia tissue layer superficial to a nerve of a patient. Electrical stimulation energy is delivered to the nerve through the deep fascia tissue layer via implantable medical device electrodes.

Abstract: A neuromodulation therapy is delivered via at least one electrode implanted subcutaneously and superficially to a fascia layer superficial to a nerve of a patient. In one example, an implantable medical device is deployed along a superficial surface of a deep fascia tissue layer superficial to a nerve of a patient. Electrical stimulation energy is delivered to the nerve through the deep fascia tissue layer via implantable medical device electrodes.

Abstract: A copper anode is described for use in electroplating semiconductor interconnects, where said anode has a preferred grain size or crystallographic orientation and a preferred chemical composition. The microstructure of the anode may be of two types (1) grains smaller than 100 microns in any dimension or (2) large columnar grains aligned perpendicularly to the anode corroding surface. Copper cathodes of not less than 99.99 weight percent of copper are alloyed to achieve an anode with a phosphor content of 0.045 to 0.060 weight percent.

Abstract: The present invention relates to lubricant compositions comprising a lubricant base containing alloy particles which comprises a dispersion of very fine lead particles in a copper matrix wherein the particles are substantively uniformly dispersed to provide a very fine microstructure. In general, at least 70% of the lead particles have an average diameter of less than about 100 angstroms with no more than about 30% having an average diameter larger than about 100 angstroms, and the alloy particles have a particle size in the range of from about 3 to about 10 microns.

Abstract: Method and apparatus used for continuous casting of copper alloy rods and tubes for obtaining a fine grain size therein. Liquidus copper alloy material flows from a reservoir area or crucible into a continuous casting die through spaced apart feed slots disposed in the casting die cap, thereby effecting agitation of the liquidus material, which prevents the formation of thermal gradients large enough to produce gross directional solidification of the alloy at the liquid-solid state transition zone. The desired agitation is effected by altering the number, location, size and angle of the feed slots in accordance with formulas provided for that purpose.

Abstract: Method and apparatus used for continuous casting of copper alloy rods for obtaining a fine grain size therein. Liquidus copper alloy material flows from a reservoir area or crucible into a continuous casting die. Devices are included to cause agitation of the liquidus material as it enters the die so that no thermal gradients are large enough at the liquidus-solid state transition zone to produce gross directional solidification of the alloy. Devices which may be used to obtain the desired liquidus material agitation include a particular configuration and location for the die inlet openings, electromagnetic stirring and mechanical stirring.

Abstract: A mandrel for use in the continuous casting of tubular metallic members and receivable in a continuous casting die in a spaced relationship relative to the die side walls. The mandrel is preferably constructed from graphite to include a distinct freeze area or zone intermediate the mandrel ends. This freeze area has a constant cross-sectional dimension over the length thereof to substantially accommodate freezing of metal from a liquid to a solid state in a desired configuration during a casting operation. An elongated bore extends longitudinally inward into the mandrel from the outermost end, through the freeze area and at least partially through the area of the mandrel between the freeze area and the innermost end.