Abstract: A device for measuring dew point or humidity comprises a single resonator and at least one temperature-regulating element arranged to control the temperature of the resonator by heating and/or cooling. Frequency measuring circuitry is arranged to generate signals indicative of measured frequencies of the resonator. At least one controller or processor receives the signals and determines the temperature of the resonator at which condensation (e.g., dew, frost, or condensed vapor) appears on the resonator or evaporates from the resonator according to the signals.

Abstract: A lubricating oil composition for reducing low-speed pre-ignition events or improving oxidation in a spark-ignited direct injection engine is disclosed. The composition includes a detergent additive which comprises either: an oil-soluble sulfonate including both magnesium and calcium as cations; or an oil-soluble salicylate including both magnesium and calcium as cations.

Abstract: An overbased magnesium sulfonate detergent is made by (A) preparing a mixture of a sulfonic acid or salt with a magnesium oxide, water, a C1-C5 alkanol, a hydrocarbon solvent, and a combination of a polyisobutene succinic anhydride of molecular weight (Mw) 500 to 1500 g mol?1 and a salicylic acid as first and second promoters; and (B) carbonating the mixture with an acidic gas to form the overbased magnesium sulfonate.

Abstract: A lubricating oil composition for reducing low-speed pre-ignition events or improving oxidation in a spark-ignited direct injection engine is disclosed. The composition includes a detergent additive which comprises either: an oil-soluble sulfonate including both magnesium and calcium as cations; or an oil-soluble salicylate including both magnesium and calcium as cations.