Abstract: A furnace for growing sapphire crystal in which the furnace comprises a furnace housing; a hot zone which comprises insulation and a heater which are both accommodated within the furnace housing; a crucible located within the hot zone and the crucible has an opening. Either a crucible lid covers the opening of the crucible, and the crucible lid has a first conduit which extends therefrom or a crucible enclosure surrounds at least a side wall and a top portion of the crucible and the crucible enclosure is impermeable to at least carbon preventing carbon contamination of a melt contained within the crucible.

Abstract: An improved efficient deep fat fryer is described. Heat exchange within the fryer tank is facilitated by a “U” shaped burner tube which is cantilever mounted from a side of the tank and a burner system is provided to circulate in a spiral pathway products of combustion through the burner tube. An internal turbulator baffle is provided to both facilitate the spiral circulation through the tube and to facilitate heat transfer from the combustion gases to burner tube walls. Exhaust gases are circulated downwardly from the burner tubes to a plenum beneath the tank which also has heat transfer baffle plates to facilitate heat exchange. Ultimately the products are expelled through a flue. The system further comprises filter bags for continuously filtering the oil which are disposed in a sump at the surface of the oil so that oil continually spills from the tank into the sump where it is filtered preferably by one or more bags of cloth material.

Abstract: An improved efficient deep fat fryer is described. Heat exchange within the fryer tank is facilitated by a "U" shaped burner tube which is cantilever mounted from a side of the tank and a burner system is provided to circulate in a spiral pathway products of combustion through the burner tube. An internal turbulator baffle is provided to both facilitate the spiral circulation through the tube and to facilitate heat transfer from the combustion gases to burner tube walls. Exhaust gases are circulated downwardly from the burner tubes to a plenum beneath the tank which also has heat transfer baffle plates to facilitate heat exchange. Ultimately the products are expelled through a flue. The system further comprises filter bags for continuously filtering the oil which are disposed in a sump at the surface of the oil so that oil continually spills from the tank into the sump where it is filtered preferably by one or more bags of cloth material.