Abstract: A high level of calcium carbonate filler is added to secondary fiber pulp by in situ attachment to the secondary fibers. The secondary fiber pulp is mixed with an alkaline salt such as calcium oxide or calcium hydroxide and contacted with a reaction gas such as carbon dioxide in a gas-liquid contactor apparatus through efficient mixing in order to precipitate filler material such as calcium carbonate crystal complexes on the secondary fibers. The resulting pulp products have comparable or, in some cases, better brightness, cleanliness, and other sheet properties as compared to filler addition by conventional methods.

Abstract: A method for the in situ activation of the normally dormant needle fascicles of gymnosperms and the clonal propagation of gymnosperms and the clones produced thereby. The method for the in situ activation of the needle fascicles of gymnosperms to produce shoots comprising the step of contacting the terminal portion of a stem of the gymnosperm with between about 0.01 to 20 mg of a cytokinin. And, the method for the clonal propagation of gymnosperms and the production of clones thereof comprising the steps of contacting the terminal portion of a stem of the gymnosperm with between about 0.01 to 20 mg of a cytokinin; allowing the shoots to elongate; excising the elongated shoots from the stem and rooting the excised shoots.