Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention relate generally to systems and methods for the collection of solar energy and the use thereof to generate an algal biomass capable of producing biofuels. In one implementation, the specific irradiance (e.g., moles photons per gram per day) is controlled to optimize algal growth and the production of polar lipids, non-polar lipids, and proteins.

Abstract: The disclosed device is directed toward an apparatus for the separation of ions. The apparatus for the separation of ions comprises a vessel including an inlet fluidly coupled to an outlet. A magnetic field is applied substantially orthogonal to the flow of the fluid. The magnetic field applies a force that separates the oppositely charged ions.

Abstract: An apparatus for the separation of oppositely charged ions comprises a body including an inlet fluidly coupled to a first outlet and a second outlet. A flow director including a discharge is disposed in the body between the inlet and the first and second outlets. The flow director is configured to fluidly couple the inlet and the first and second outlets. The flow director discharge is proximate to the first and second outlets. A magnetic field is orthogonal to the flow director discharge and the magnetic field is located between the flow director and the first and second outlets. The magnetic field is configured to separate the oppositely charged ions.