Abstract: A relatively soft, strong, opaque paper product and a process for making the same are provided. In particular, a tissue, or other paper product, is formed by incorporating into the product an alkylamide or alkylimide softening agent along with particulate fillers during a non-compressive tissue-formation process.

Abstract: A novel polyester composition is disclosed comprising a linear polyester resin, a difunctional epoxy compound and a catalyst. The novel polyester compositions have excellent melt viscosity properties including excellent retention of melt viscosity after aging.

Abstract: Novel polyesterification catalysts comprising a phosphorus component and a titanium component are disclosed which are useful in preparing improved blends of polyester and polycarbonate resins.

Abstract: A cyclic polycarbonate oligomer having a low melting point useful in the preparation of high molecular weight resins. The cyclic polycarbonate oligomers have structural units with long alkyl chains which may contain ester substituents.

Abstract: Bischloroformate compositions are prepared from spirobiindane bisphenols by phosgenation in a substantially inert organic liquid in a two-step reaction. The pH during the first step is maintained in the range of about 8-14 by addition of aqueous base. In the second step, the pH is in the range of about 2-6. This method produces compositions containing a substantial amount of monomeric bischloroformate and avoids gelling problems.

Abstract: Macrocyclic oligomers, including polycarbonates, polyesters, polyamides, polyimides, polyetherketones and polyethersulfones, are conveniently prepared from various spiro(bis)indane compounds, especially the 6,6'-difunctional 3,3',3'-tetramethylspiro(bis)indanes. The macrocyclic oligomers may be conveniently converted to linear polymers.

Abstract: Polycyclic polycarbonate (or thiol analog) oligomers are prepared from a mixture of at least one bishaloformate with at least one tetraphenol, or thio analogs thereof. Such mixture may also contain at least one dihydroxy or dimercapto compound. The oligomers are formed by the reaction of such mixtures with alkali metal hydroxides and various amines. The polycyclic oligomer mixtures may be converted to crosslinked polycarbonates or their thiol analogs.

Abstract: Cyclic monocarbonate bischloroformates are prepared by the reaction of a carbonyl halide such as phosgene with a bridged substituted resorcinol or hydroquinone such as bis(2,4-dihydroxy-3-methylphenyl)methane or bis(2,5-dihydroxy-3,4,6-trimethylphenyl)methane in the presence of aqueous alkali metal hydroxide. The cyclic monocarbonate bischloroformates may be used for the preparation of linear or cyclic polycarbonates containing cyclic carbonate structural units, which may in turn be converted to crosslinked polycarbonates.

Abstract: Aqueous bischloroformates are prepared by the reaction of a dihydroxyaromatic compound (e.g., bisphenol A) with phosgene in a substantially inert organic liquid (e.g., methylene chloride) and in the presence of an aqueous alkali metal or alkaline earth metal base, at a pH below about 8. After all solid dihydroxyaromatic compound has been consumed, the pH is raised to a higher value in the range of about 7-12, preferably 9-11, and maintained in said range until a major proportion of the unreacted phosgene has been hydrolyzed. At the same time, any monochloroformate in the product may be converted to bischloroformate.

Abstract: Polycyclic polycarbonate (or thiol analog) oligomers are prepared from a mixture of at least one bishaloformate with at least one tetraphenol, or thio analogs thereof. Such mixture may also contain at least one dihydroxy or dimercapto compound. The oligomers are formed by the reaction of such mixtures with alkali metal hydroxides and various amines. The polycyclic oligomer mixtures may be converted to crosslinked polycarbonates or their thiol analogs.

Abstract: Cyclic polyester and especially polyarylate oligomers, typically having degrees of polymerization from 2 to about 7, are prepared by reacting a bisphenol such as bisphenol A or 6,6'-dihydroxy-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylspiro-(bis)indane with a dicarboxylic acid chloride such as isophthaloyl or terephthaloyl chloride in the presence of a catalyst, under conditions of low concentration. The cyclic oligomers may be polymerized to linear polyesters by contact with a transesterification catalyst at a temperature in the range of about 200.degree.-300.degree. C.

Abstract: The thermal stability of cyclic carbonate oligomers may be increased by treating a solution of the oligomers with an effective amount of a hydrogen halide.

Abstract: A method is provided for determining the stoichiometric end point of phosgenation reactions which produce polycarbonates and chloroformates, respectively, by monitoring the rate of heat generated by the reaction mixture per unit of phosgene utilized.

Abstract: Polycyclic polycarbonate (or thiol analog) oligomers are prepared from a mixture of at least one bishaloformate with at least one tetraphenol, or thio analogs thereof. Such mixture may also contain at least one dihydroxy or dimercapto compound. The oligomers are formed by the reaction of such mixtures with alkali metal hydroxides and various amines. The polycyclic oligomer mixtures may be converted to crosslinked polycarbonates or their thiol analogs.

Abstract: Cyclic polycarbonate mixtures containing units derived from spirobiindane bisphenols, preferably 6,6'-dihydroxy-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylspirobiindane are prepared from the corresponding bischloroformates or mixtures thereof with bisphenols. They may be homopolymeric or copolymeric; cyclic oligomer mixtures are preferred. Such oligomers may be converted to linear polycarbonates having high glass transition temperatures.

Abstract: Bisamide and bisurethane bisphenols and bishaloformates are prepared by the reaction of amines with dicarboxylic acid halides or bisphenol bishaloformates. They are useful as intermediates for the preparation of cyclic heterocarbonates, which may in turn be converted to linear copolycarbonates.

Abstract: Cyclic monocarbonate bischloroformates are prepared by the reaction of a carbonyl halide such as phosgene with a bridged substituted resorcinol or hydroquinone such as bis(2,4-dihydroxy-3-methylphenyl)methane or bis(2,5-dihydroxy-3,4,6-trimethylphenyl)methane in the presence of aqueous alkali metal hydroxide. The cyclic monocarbonate bischloroformates may be used for the preparation of linear or cyclic polycarbonates containing cyclic carbonate structural units, which may in turn be converted to crosslinked polycarbonates.

Abstract: Cyclic polyester and especially polyarylate oligomers, typically having degrees of polymerization from 2 to about 7, are prepared by reacting a bisphenol such as bisphenol A or 6,6'-dihydroxy-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylspiro(bis)indane with a dicarboxylic acid chloride such as isophthaloyl or terephthaloyl chloride in the presence of a catalyst, under conditions of low concentration. The cyclic oligomers may be polymerized to linear polyesters by contact with a transesterification catalyst at a temperature in the range of about 200.degree.-300.degree. C.

Abstract: Polycyclic polycarbonate oligomers are prepared by the reaction of a bishaloformate and a tetrahydroxyaromatic compound (and optionally also a dihydroxy compound) in the presence of an olefinic tertiary amine and an aqueous slurry of an aldaline earth metal base. The proportion of water in the reaction mixture is up to about 15% by volume of the organic phase. The bishaloformate and hydroxy compounds, and most often also the amine, are preferably added gradually to the other materials.

Abstract: Macrocyclic oligomers, including polycarbonates, polyesters, polyamides, polyimides, polyetherketones and polyethersulfones, are conveniently prepared from various spiro(bis)indane compounds, especially the 6,6'-difunctional 3,3',3'-tetramethylspiro(bis)indanes. The macrocyclic oligomers may be conveniently converted to linear polymers.