Abstract: Systems, methods, apparatuses, and computer program products for testing user equipment (UE) machine learning-assisted radio resource management (RRM) functionalities are provided. One method may include selecting a radio resource management (RRM) functionality to be tested for a user equipment (UE) having advertised machine learning (ML)-assistance capabilities, initializing a machine learning (ML)-assistance model in the user equipment based on the advertised machine learning (ML)-assistance capabilities, generating one or more input test signals and corresponding reference output test conditions depending on the machine learning (ML)-assistance radio resource management (RRM) functionality under test, and activating UE machine learning (ML)-assistance functionality and provisioning, to the user equipment, a test sequence with the generated input test signals and corresponding reference output conditions.

Abstract: Various example embodiments relate to generation of coded transport blocks in connection with hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) process(es). A device may generate a plurality of protocol data units (PDU) for transmission. The PDUs may be stored in at least one HARQ buffer. The device may determine to transmit at least one coded transport based on identifying at least two of the PDUs for generating the coded transport block(s). Apparatuses, methods, and computer programs are disclosed.

Abstract: Systems, methods, apparatuses, and computer program products for beam selection using data radio bearer specific machine learning are provided. For example, a method can include providing one or more inputs regarding a plurality of beams to a machine learning model. The method can also include obtaining at least one output value regarding the plurality of beams from the machine learning model. The machine learning model can be a data radio bearer specific machine learning model, a data radio bearer group specific machine learning model, or a model trained to output selectively data radio bearer specific values or data radio bearer group specific values.

Abstract: This document discloses a solution for addressing network slices in a radio interface between a station and an access node. According to an aspect, the station is granted access to a network slice and, when transmitting a data frame of the network slice, the network slice is identified in the data frame by a medium access control address of the data frame.

Abstract: Systems, methods, apparatuses, and computer program products for beam selection using data radio bearer specific machine learning are provided. For example, a method can include providing one or more inputs regarding a plurality of beams to a machine learning model. The method can also include obtaining at least one output value regarding the plurality of beams from the machine learning model. The machine learning model can be a data radio bearer specific machine learning model, a data radio bearer group specific machine learning model, or a model trained to output selectively data radio bearer specific values or data radio bearer group specific values.

Abstract: This document discloses a solution for selecting a frequency channel for a service. According to an aspect, a method comprises: receiving, by a first access node of a first wireless network, a scanning message comprising at least one information element indicating a channel access limit for a frequency channel operated by a second access node of a second wireless network; selecting, by the first access node on the basis of the at least one information element, the frequency channel or another frequency channel for an ultra-reliable low-latency (URLLC) service provided by the apparatus; and upon selecting the frequency channel for the URLLC service, causing by the first access node transmission of frames of the service within channel access limits indicated by the at least one information element.

Abstract: An apparatus comprising: at least one processor; and at least one memory including computer program code; the at least one memory and the computer program code configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to: receive (1400) a request to create context for a migrating node and optionally at least one child node of the migrating node; allocate (1402) addresses to the migrating node and optionally the at least one child node of the migrating node; and send (1404) the addresses allocated to the migrating node and optionally the at least one child node of the migrating node, prior to the migrating node migrating from a source to a target.

Abstract: According to an example aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method, comprising: transmitting, by a first transceiver of a first radio technology, wherein a first device comprises the first transceiver, a calibration start message to a second device, transmitting a calibration message by a second transceiver of a second radio technology, wherein the first device comprises the second transceiver, receiving channel state information, by the first transceiver from the second device, wherein the channel state information is based on reception of the calibration message, determining at least one coefficient for null steering towards the second device based on the channel state information, and transmitting a directional message to a third device, using the at least one coefficient.

Abstract: Systems, methods, apparatuses, and computer program products for controlling operations of an integrated access and backhaul (IAB) node are proposed. In some embodiments, an integrated access and backhaul node may receive a message indicating that a handover of the integrated access and backhaul node is to be performed; and stop admission of new user equipment to an active radio cell of the integrated access and backhaul node based on the message received.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to for inter-CU topology adaptation. A first device establishes a communication interface between the first device and a second device. The first device receives from the second device a handover complete message indicating that a handover of the second device from a third device to the first device is completed. The first device transmits to the second device a command indicating the second device to activate cells configured by the first device.

Abstract: According to an example embodiment, a client device comprises at least one processor and at least one memory including computer program code. The at least one memory and the computer program code may be configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the client device to: receive a measurement configuration from a first network node device, receive a preconfigured condition for the measurement configuration from the first network node device, and in response to the preconfigured condition for the measurement configuration being fulfilled, use the measurement configuration. A client device, a network node device, methods, and computer programs are disclosed.

Abstract: A user equipment (UE) includes at least one processor and at least one memory including computer program code. The at least one memory and the computer program code are configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the UE to obtain a conditional handover command, the conditional handover command indicating a multiple cell target for handover from a source cell and at least one performance margin, each of the at least one performance margin associated with a cell neighboring a first cell in the multiple cell target, determine whether to initiate a handover to the first cell based on the at least one performance margin, and transmit data to the first cell based on the determination of whether to initiate the handover.

Abstract: An apparatus comprising: at least one processor; and at least one memory including computer program code; the at least one memory and the computer program code configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to: determine (602) at least one power setting adjustment for at least one terminal based on at least one gain setting adjustment for a satellite; and provide (604) the least one power setting adjustment for the at least one terminal to the at least one terminal.

Abstract: A method includes determining, by a terminal device, at least one transmission power target level for an intended transmission on at least one sub-band. The method also includes performing a listen before talk procedure and measuring interference, and determining at least one power offset for transmission as outcome of the listen before talk procedure and the measured interference. The method further includes transmitting at least one message on at least one listen before talk allowed sub-band, using a transmission power determined based at least in part on the at least one transmission power target level for the intended transmission on the at least one sub-band, and the at least one power offset.

Abstract: An apparatus comprising: at least one processor; and at least one memory including computer program code; the at least one memory and the computer program code configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to: receive (1400) a request to create context for a migrating node and optionally at least one child node of the migrating node; allocate (1402) addresses to the migrating node and optionally the at least one child node of the migrating node; and send (1404) the addresses allocated to the migrating node and optionally the at least one child node of the migrating node, prior to the migrating node migrating from a source to a target.

Abstract: This document discloses a solution for selecting a frequency channel for a service. According to an aspect, a method comprises: receiving, by a first access node of a first wireless network, a scanning message comprising at least one information element indicating a channel access limit for a frequency channel operated by a second access node of a second wireless network; selecting, by the first access node on the basis of the at least one information element, the frequency channel or another frequency channel for an ultra-reliable low-latency (URLLC) service provided by the apparatus; and upon selecting the frequency channel for the URLLC service, causing by the first access node transmission of frames of the service within channel access limits indicated by the at least one information element.

Abstract: According to an aspect, there is provided a terminal device comprising means for performing the following. The terminal device transmits a tethering request for setting up a tethering cell over at least one communications network to at least one tethering terminal device capable of setting up a tethering cell. Then, the terminal device performs tethering cell discovery for discovering tethering cells set up by any of said at least one tethering terminal device. In response to discovering a tethering cell provided by a tethering terminal device of said at least one tethering terminal device, the terminal device accesses the tethering cell.

Abstract: This document discloses a solution for addressing network slices in a radio interface between a station and an access node. According to an aspect, the station is granted access to a network slice and, when transmitting a data frame of the network slice, the network slice is identified in the data frame by a medium access control address of the data frame.

Abstract: A method includes determining, by a terminal device, at least one transmission power target level for an intended transmission on at least one sub-band. The method also includes performing a listen before talk procedure and measuring interference, and determining at least one power offset for transmission as outcome of the listen before talk procedure and the measured interference. The method further includes transmitting at least one message on at least one listen before talk allowed sub-band, using a transmission power determined based at least in part on the at least one transmission power target level for the intended transmission on the at least one sub-band, and the at least one power offset.

Abstract: According to an aspect, there is provided a terminal device comprising means for performing the following. The terminal device transmits a tethering request for setting up a tethering cell over at least one communications network to at least one tethering terminal device capable of setting up a tethering cell. Then, the terminal device performs tethering cell discovery for discovering tethering cells set up by any of said at least one tethering terminal device. In response to discovering a tethering cell provided by a tethering terminal device of said at least one tethering terminal device, the terminal device accesses the tethering cell.