Abstract: Determining a state of charge (SOC) of a rechargeable battery includes using a first process to determine a first value for the SOC of the battery and using a second process to determine a second value for the SOC of the battery and deriving the SOC as a weighted average of the first value for the SOC and the second value for the SOC. During a charging cycle of the battery an input charge of the battery is determined from an input current flowing into the battery and a charging time. During a discharging cycle an output charge of the battery is determined from an output current flowing out of the battery, a discharging time and an actual capacity of the battery is the sum of the input charge over charging cycles minus the sum of the output charge over discharging cycles.

Abstract: Determining a state of charge (SOC) of a rechargeable battery includes using a first process to determine a first value for the SOC of the battery and using a second process to determine a second value for the SOC of the battery and deriving the SOC as a weighted average of the first value for the SOC and the second value for the SOC. During a charging cycle of the battery an input charge of the battery is determined from an input current flowing into the battery and a charging time. During a discharging cycle an output charge of the battery is determined from an output current flowing out of the battery, a discharging time and an actual capacity of the battery is the sum of the input charge over charging cycles minus the sum of the output charge over discharging cycles.

Abstract: A control unit of an at least temporarily four wheel-driven motor vehicle is provided. The control unit is arranged such that a displacement path for an actuator that actuates a transmission clutch is assigned to a setpoint clutch torque via a characteristic curve, and when at least one defined operating condition is present, ensures stable operation of the wheels. The control unit specifies a displacement path which according to the characteristic curve results in a not completely locked state of the transmission clutch, and subsequently computes the actual clutch torque from only the drive slip on the front axle, the drive slip on the rear axle, and the total drive torque.

Abstract: A control unit of a control system for an at least temporarily four wheel-driven motor vehicle is arranged such that a displacement path for an actuator that actuates a transmission clutch is assigned to a setpoint clutch torque via a characteristic curve, and the control unit checks whether slip of the transmission clutch occurs when a displacement path is specified that should result in an at least fully locked state of the transmission clutch according to the characteristic curve.

Abstract: A method of controlling a shiftable clutch in a drive train between a front axle and a rear axle of a motor vehicle with a four-wheel drive is provided. One axle is driven directly and the other axle, as a hang-on system, is coupled by way of the clutch. In order to create a method of controlling the shiftable clutch in a drive train between the front axle and the rear axle, and a corresponding system with an improved availability of the full four-wheel drive characteristic with a corresponding protection of the driving dynamics of the overall vehicle, the clutch is continuously acted upon by torque in an adjustable manner by way of a pilot control measure.

Abstract: A control unit of a control system for an at least temporarily four wheel-driven motor vehicle is arranged such that a displacement path for an actuator that actuates a transmission clutch is assigned to a setpoint clutch torque via a characteristic curve, and the control unit checks whether slip of the transmission clutch occurs when a displacement path is specified that should result in an at least fully locked state of the transmission clutch according to the characteristic curve.

Abstract: A control unit of an at least temporarily four wheel-driven motor vehicle is provided. The control unit is arranged such that a displacement path for an actuator that actuates a transmission clutch is assigned to a setpoint clutch torque via a characteristic curve, and when at least one defined operating condition is present, ensures stable operation of the wheels. The control unit specifies a displacement path which according to the characteristic curve results in a not completely locked state of the transmission clutch, and subsequently computes the actual clutch torque from only the drive slip on the front axle, the drive slip on the rear axle, and the total drive torque.

Abstract: Fuel cell oxygen electrode and instant startup fuel cells employing such oxygen electrode. The oxygen electrode operates through the mechanism of redox couples which uniquely provide multiple degrees of freedom in selecting the operating voltages available for such fuel cells. Such oxygen electrodes provide the fuel cells in which they are used a “buffer” or “charge” of oxidizer available within the oxygen electrode at all times.

Abstract: A method of controlling a shiftable clutch in a drive train between a front axle and a rear axle of a motor vehicle with a four-wheel drive is provided. One axle is driven directly and the other axle, as a hang-on system, is coupled by way of the clutch. In order to create a method of controlling the shiftable clutch in a drive train between the front axle and the rear axle, and a corresponding system with an improved availability of the full four-wheel drive characteristic with a corresponding protection of the driving dynamics of the overall vehicle, the clutch is continuously acted upon by torque in an adjustable manner by way of a pilot control measure.

Abstract: A fuel cell utilizing parallel flow of a hydrogen stream, an oxygen stream, and an electrolyte solution with respect to the electrodes, while maintaining mechanical support within the fuel cell. The fuel cell utilizes encapsulated electrodes to maintain a high air flow rate and low pressure throughout the fuel cell. The fuel cell is also designed to maintain mechanical support within the fuel cell while the electrodes expand and contract in response to the absorption of oxygen and hydrogen. Gas is predistributed by the compression plates and electrode plates to supply the electrodes with high concentrations of oxygen from air.

Abstract: An active electrode composition comprising a nickel hydroxide material and a pectin. Preferably, the pectin comprises a citrus pectin.

Abstract: A fuel cell utilizing parallel flow of a hydrogen stream, an oxygen stream, and an electrolyte solution with respect to the electrodes, while maintaining mechanical support within the fuel cell. The fuel cell utilizes encapsulated electrodes to maintain a high air flow rate and low pressure throughout the fuel cell. The fuel cell is also designed to maintain mechanical support within the fuel cell while the electrodes expand and contract in response to the absorption of oxygen and hydrogen. Gas is predistributed by the compression plates and electrode plates to supply the electrodes with high concentrations of oxygen from air.

Abstract: An active electrode composition comprising an active electrode material and a binder where the binder comprises a monosaccharide, a disaccharide, a pectin or a molasses. Preferably, the active electrode material is nickel hydroxide.

Abstract: Fuel cell oxygen electrode and instant startup fuel cells employing such oxygen electrode. The oxygen electrode operates through the mechanism of redox couples which uniquely provide multiple degrees of freedom in selecting the operating voltages available for such fuel cells. Such oxygen electrodes provide the fuel cells in which they are used a “buffer” or “charge” of oxidizer available within the oxygen electrode at all times.

Abstract: Fuel cell oxygen electrode and instant startup fuel cells employing such oxygen electrode. The oxygen electrode operates through the mechanism of redox couples which uniquely provide multiple degrees of freedom in selecting the operating voltages available for such fuel cells. Such oxygen electrodes provide the fuel cells in which they are used a “buffer” or “charge” of oxidizer available within the oxygen electrode at all times.

Abstract: Fuel cell oxygen electrode and instant startup fuel cells employing such oxygen electrode. The oxygen electrode operates through the mechanism of redox couples which uniquely provide multiple degrees of freedom in selecting the operating voltages available for such fuel cells. Such oxygen electrodes provide the fuel cells in which they are used a “buffer” or “charge” of oxidizer available within the oxygen electrode at all times.

Abstract: Fuel cell oxygen electrode and instant startup fuel cells employing such oxygen electrode. The oxygen electrode operates through the mechanism of redox couples which uniquely provide multiple degrees of freedom in selecting the operating voltages available for such fuel cells. Such oxygen electrodes provide the fuel cells in which they are used a “buffer” or “charge” of oxidizer available within the oxygen electrode at all times.

Abstract: Fuel cell oxygen electrode and instant startup fuel cells employing such oxygen electrode. The oxygen electrode operates through the mechanism of redox couples which uniquely provide multiple degrees of freedom in selecting the operating voltages available for such fuel cells. Such oxygen electrodes provide the fuel cells in which they are used a “buffer” or “charge” of oxidizer available within the oxygen electrode at all times.

Abstract: A hydrogen storage alloy active material for the anode of Ovonic instant startup/regenerative fuel cells. The active material includes a hydrogen storage alloy material with a water reactive chemical hydride additive, which, upon utilization of the active material in an anode of an alkaline electrolyte fuel cell, gives the anode added benefits, not attainable by using hydrogen storage alloy material alone. These added benefits include 1) precharge of the hydrogen storage material with hydrogen; 2) higher porosity/increased surface area/reduced electrode polarization at high currents; 3) simplified, faster activation of the hydrogen storage alloy; and 4) optionally, enhanced corrosion protection for the hydrogen storage alloy.

Abstract: A method of activating a hydrogen storage alloy electrode. The method comprises the step of applying current cycles to the electrode where each current cycle includes a forward pulse effective to at least partially charge the electrode and a reverse pulse effective to at least partially discharge the electrode.