Abstract: Disclosed herein are methods of producing a gas at a controlled rate, the methods comprising directing air through a layered bed to produce a gas. The layered bed comprises alternating layers of a layer of dry particles comprising a precursor and a layer of dry particles comprising a proton-generating species. The gas is produced at a rate that is controlled by controlling the presence or absence of air flowing though the layered bed, the amount of time the air flows through the layered bed, the total number of layers in the layered bed, the average thickness of each of the layers of dry particles comprising the precursor in the layered bed, the average thickness of each of the layers of dry particles comprising the proton-generating species in the layered bed, the temperature the method is performed at, or a combination thereof.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are methods of producing a gas at a controlled rate, the methods comprising directing air through a layered bed to produce a gas. The layered bed comprises alternating layers of a layer of dry particles comprising a precursor and a layer of dry particles comprising a proton-generating species. The gas is produced at a rate that is controlled by controlling the presence or absence of air flowing though the layered bed, the amount of time the air flows through the layered bed, the total number of layers in the layered bed, the average thickness of each of the layers of dry particles comprising the precursor in the layered bed, the average thickness of each of the layers of dry particles comprising the proton-generating species in the layered bed, the temperature the method is performed at, or a combination thereof.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are methods of producing a gas at a controlled rate, the methods comprising directing air through a layered bed to produce a gas. The layered bed comprises alternating layers of a layer of dry particles comprising a precursor and a layer of dry particles comprising a proton-generating species. The gas is produced at a rate that is controlled by controlling the presence or absence of air flowing though the layered bed, the amount of time the air flows through the layered bed, the total number of layers in the layered bed, the average thickness of each of the layers of dry particles comprising the precursor in the layered bed, the average thickness of each of the layers of dry particles comprising the proton-generating species in the layered bed, the temperature the method is performed at, or a combination thereof.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are methods of producing a gas at a controlled rate, the methods comprising directing air through a layered bed to produce a gas. The layered bed comprises alternating layers of a layer of dry particles comprising a precursor and a layer of dry particles comprising a proton-generating species. The gas is produced at a rate that is controlled by controlling the presence or absence of air flowing though the layered bed, the amount of time the air flows through the layered bed, the total number of layers in the layered bed, the average thickness of each of the layers of dry particles comprising the precursor in the layered bed, the average thickness of each of the layers of dry particles comprising the proton-generating species in the layered bed, the temperature the method is performed at, or a combination thereof.

Abstract: A device for manipulating many hundreds or thousands of microdroplets into an array using EWOD or oEWOD is provided. The device comprises: i) a chip comprising a first region for receiving and manipulating microdroplets; a second region comprising the array and a plurality of electrowetting pathways leading to the array; ii) a microdroplet source configured to provide microdroplets of a predetermined target diameter; iii) a channel configured to provide fluid communication between the microdroplet source and the first region of the chip; and iv) a pressure source configured to move the microdroplets between the microdroplet source and the first region of the chip. The electrowetting pathways on the chip are centre to centre separated by at least double the predetermined target diameter of the microdroplets from the microdroplet source. Furthermore, the controller is configured to enable synchronous movement of the microdroplets in the electrowetting pathways by application of EWOD or oEWOD force.

Abstract: An apparatus for manipulating one or more microdroplets into an array using EWOD or oEWOD is provided. The apparatus comprises: a) a chip for manipulating microdroplets comprising: i) a plurality of electrowetting pathways leading to the array; and ii) one or more waste electrowetting pathways leading to a waste outlet; b) a detector for detecting one or more microdroplets with a distinct characteristic, said detector configured to obtain a measured dataset relating to the distinct characteristic of the detected microdroplet; c) a storage module configured to store and maintain a stored dataset associated with the characteristic measured by the detector; and d) a controller configured to receive the stored dataset from the storage module and the obtained measured dataset to determine whether the measured dataset is associated with a desired or undesired characteristic.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are methods of producing a gas, the methods comprising dynamically mixing dry particles comprising a precursor and dry particles comprising a proton-generating species for an amount of time to produce the gas and wherein the gas is produced at a rate that is controlled by controlling the rate at which the dry particles comprising the precursor and the dry particles comprising the proton-generating species are dynamically mixed.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are methods of producing a gas at a variable rate, the methods comprising dynamically mixing dry particles comprising a precursor and dry particles comprising a proton-generating species to produce a gas and wherein the gas is produced at a rate that is varied by varying the amount of time the dry particles comprising the precursor and the dry particles comprising the proton-generating species are dynamically mixed, the rate at which the dry particles comprising the precursor and the dry particles comprising the proton-generating species are dynamically mixed, or a combination thereof.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are methods of producing a gas at a variable rate, the methods comprising dynamically mixing dry particles comprising a precursor and dry particles comprising a proton-generating species to produce a gas and wherein the gas is produced at a rate that is varied by varying the amount of time the dry particles comprising the precursor and the dry particles comprising the proton-generating species are dynamically mixed, the rate at which the dry particles comprising the precursor and the dry particles comprising the proton-generating species are dynamically mixed, or a combination thereof.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are methods of producing a gas at a variable rate, the methods comprising dynamically mixing dry particles comprising a precursor and dry particles comprising a proton-generating species to produce a gas and wherein the gas is produced at a rate that is varied by varying the amount of time the dry particles comprising the precursor and the dry particles comprising the proton-generating species are dynamically mixed, the rate at which the dry particles comprising the precursor and the dry particles comprising the proton-generating species are dynamically mixed, or a combination thereof.

Abstract: A first apparatus for sequencing a polynucleotide analyte is provided an apparatus for sequencing a polynucleotide analyte comprising: (a) a first zone for generating a flowing stream of single nucleotides by progressive pyrophosphorolysis of a molecule of the analyte attached to a particle and exposed to a flowing aqueous medium; (b) a second zone for generating a corresponding stream of aqueous droplets from the aqueous medium and the nucleotide stream and wherein at least some of the droplets contain a single nucleotide; and (c) a third zone for storing and/or for interrogating each droplet to reveal a property characteristic of the single nucleotide it may contain; wherein in that the first zone includes at least one chemically-modified substrate adapted to bind temporarily to a particle having at least two different regions adapted to bind respectively to the substrate and to the analyte.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are methods of producing a gas at a controlled rate, the methods comprising directing air through a layered bed to produce a gas. The layered bed comprises alternating layers of a layer of dry particles comprising a precursor and a layer of dry particles comprising a proton-generating species. The gas is produced at a rate that is controlled by controlling the presence or absence of air flowing though the layered bed, the amount of time the air flows through the layered bed, the total number of layers in the layered bed, the average thickness of each of the layers of dry particles comprising the precursor in the layered bed, the average thickness of each of the layers of dry particles comprising the proton-generating species in the layered bed, the temperature the method is performed at, or a combination thereof.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are methods of producing a gas at a variable rate, the methods comprising dynamically mixing dry particles comprising a precursor and dry particles comprising a proton-generating species to produce a gas and wherein the gas is produced at a rate that is varied by varying the amount of time the dry particles comprising the precursor and the dry particles comprising the proton-generating species are dynamically mixed, the rate at which the dry particles comprising the precursor and the dry particles comprising the proton-generating species are dynamically mixed, or a combination thereof.