Abstract: A device for determining the weight per unit area of a moving material web, in particular a fibrous material web includes at least one microwave sensor that has an element for coupling the microwaves and a reference element. The coupling element and the reference element are located at a distance from one another in such a way that the material web can be moved therebetween. At least one microwave sensor element, the coupling element and/or the reference element can be moved such that the distances between the material web and the elements can be adjusted for or during the measurement of the moving material web.

Abstract: A device for determining the weight per unit area of a moving material web, in particular a fibrous material web includes at least one microwave sensor that has an element for coupling the microwaves and a reference element. The coupling element and the reference element are located at a distance from one another in such a way that the material web can be moved therebetween. At least one microwave sensor element, the coupling element and/or the reference element can be moved such that the distances between the material web and the elements can be adjusted for or during the measurement of the moving material web.

Abstract: A process to measure at least one qualitative measure of a moving fibrous web. The fibrous web being a web of paper or cardboard. The process including the steps of influencing, evaluating and determining. The influencing step includes the influencing of at least one microwave resonator by the fibrous web. The evaluating step including the evaluating of at least one resonance curve of the at least one microwave resonator. The determining step including the determining of at least one quality measure of the fibrous web dependent upon results of the evaluating step.

Abstract: A method for determining the quantity of coating applied to a material web includes directing radiation onto the material web coated with the coating, interacting the radiation with the coating, determining, using a measurement signal produced using the detected radiation, the quantity of the coating on and/or in the material web, and detecting the radiation, after its interaction, in various frequency bands to produce a specific measurement signal for each frequency band. The frequency bands include a frequency common to all frequency bands. The frequency bands are selected such that, with any given quantity of the applied coating, at least one of the specific measurement signals varies more with the structure of the applied coating than another of the specific measurement signals. The specific measurement signals of the various frequency bands are mathematically linked with each other to determine the quantity of the coating.

Abstract: This invention relates to a method for determining the quantity of a coating applied to a material web, in particular a fibrous web, with which radiation is directed onto the material web coated with the coating and the radiation interacts at least with the coating, and with which at least a fraction of the radiation that has interacted with the coating is detected in order to determine, on the basis of at least one measurement signal produced by way of the detected radiation, the quantity of the coating on and if necessary in the material web.

Abstract: An apparatus and a method for determining the permeability of a circulating band, in particular a water-absorbing dewatering band in a papermaking machine. The apparatus is equipped with a nozzle from which a measuring fluid flows onto or through the band. Fluctuations in the flow of the measuring fluid and in the nozzle exit pressure can distort the measurement of the permeability. The apparatus has a device for determining the speed of the band and/or a device for determining the nozzle exit speed and the nozzle exit pressure of the measuring fluid. These three measured variables are measured simultaneously, so that a fluctuation in one of these measured variables cannot impair the accuracy of the permeability measurement.

Abstract: A method for determining the basis weight of a first ply of a fibrous web, which covers a second ply of the fibrous web including the steps of positioning an electromagnetic transmitter and an electromagnetic receiver, radiating the fibrous web, receiving a measuring signal and a reference signal, and determining the basis weight. The positioning an electromagnetic transmitter and an electromagnetic receiver step includes positioning them proximate to a side of the first ply. The radiating the fibrous web step is accomplished by the electromagnetic transmitter radiating the fibrous web with at least one measuring wavelength and at least one reference wavelength, the second ply having different optical characteristics at the measuring wavelength than at the reference wavelength. The receiver receives a measuring signal, which is returned at the measuring wavelength and the receiver receives a reference signal that is returned at the reference wavelength.

Abstract: An apparatus for measuring the permeability of a circulating band, in particular of a dewatering band in a papermaking machine, having a nozzle from which a measuring fluid flows onto the band. In order to avoid undesired lifting of the nozzle off the band due to pressure peaks, the apparatus according to the present invention has a nozzle which can be pressed onto the circulating band with a constant contact pressure.

Abstract: Sensor and process for measuring mass of water on a sheet forming fabric. The sensor includes a microwave element positionable to couple an electromagnetic field into a stock layer to be measured, and a microwave signal generator coupled to the microwave element to generate, in the microwave element, a microwave signal having a frequency lower than a relaxation frequency of water. The instant abstract is neither intended to define the invention disclosed in this specification nor intended to limit the scope of the invention in any way.

Abstract: Device and process for measuring mass per unit area of sheet products and/or density of material in a pipe. The device includes a microwave element positionable to couple a high frequency electromagnetic field into a sheet to be measured, and a microwave signal generator coupled to the microwave element to generate at least one operating frequency having a frequency substantially higher than a relaxation frequency of water in said microwave element. A device for measuring an effect of the sheet on the high frequency electromagnetic field is provided, as is a device for calculating mass per unit area based upon the measured effect of the sheet on the high frequency electromagnetic field. The instant abstract is neither intended to define the invention disclosed in this specification nor intended to limit the scope of the invention in any way.

Abstract: A measuring apparatus includes at least one sensor which is provided on a measuring frame, which can be positioned opposite moving clothing or a device. The devices being, for example, a roll, of a machine for producing and/or treating a material web, in particular a paper or board web. The measuring frame is pressed against the clothing or device by at least one pivoting lever and is connected to the pivoting lever by a cardan joint.

Abstract: Sensor and process for measuring mass of water on a sheet forming fabric. The sensor includes a microwave element positionable to couple an electromagnetic field into a stock layer to be measured, and a microwave signal generator coupled to the microwave element to generate, in the microwave element, a microwave signal having a frequency lower than a relaxation frequency of water. The instant abstract is neither intended to define the invention disclosed in this specification nor intended to limit the scope of the invention in any way.

Abstract: A method of determining at least one property of moving clothing of a machine for producing and/or treating a material web, in particular a paper or board web, which includes the following steps: arranging a nozzle opposite the surface of the moving clothing; producing a jet acting on the clothing by way of the nozzle contacting the moving clothing; measuring a variable representative of the flow through the nozzle; measuring a variable representative of the pressure of the jet at the nozzle outlet; determining the speed of the jet at the nozzle outlet from the nozzle flow and the free surface of the jet medium at the point of contact with the clothing; and determining the speed of the jet at the entry into the clothing from the speed of the jet at the nozzle outlet and the speed of the clothing.

Abstract: A method for determining the basis weight of a first ply of a fibrous web, which covers a second ply of the fibrous web including the steps of positioning an electromagnetic transmitter and an electromagnetic receiver, radiating the fibrous web, receiving a measuring signal and a reference signal, and determining the basis weight. The positioning an electromagnetic transmitter and an electromagnetic receiver step includes positioning them proximate to a side of the first ply. The radiating the fibrous web step is accomplished by the electromagnetic transmitter radiating the fibrous web with at least one measuring wavelength and at least one reference wavelength, the second ply having different optical characteristics at the measuring wavelength than at the reference wavelength. The receiver receives a measuring signal, which is returned at the measuring wavelength and the receiver receives a reference signal that is returned at the reference wavelength.

Abstract: A measuring apparatus includes at least one sensor which is provided on a measuring frame, which can be positioned opposite moving clothing or a device. The devices being, for example, a roll, of a machine for producing and/or treating a material web, in particular a paper or board web. The measuring frame is pressed against the clothing or device by at least one pivoting lever and is connected to the pivoting lever by a cardan joint.

Abstract: A method of determining at least one property of moving clothing of a machine for producing and/or treating a material web, in particular a paper or board web, which includes the following steps: arranging a nozzle opposite the surface of the moving clothing; producing a jet acting on the clothing by way of the nozzle contacting the moving clothing; measuring a variable representative of the flow through the nozzle; measuring a variable representative of the pressure of the jet at the nozzle outlet; determining the speed of the jet at the nozzle outlet from the nozzle flow and the free surface of the jet medium at the point of contact with the clothing; and determining the speed of the jet at the entry into the clothing from the speed of the jet at the nozzle outlet and the speed of the clothing.

Abstract: An apparatus and a method for determining the permeability of a circulating band, in particular a water-absorbing dewatering band in a papermaking machine. The apparatus is equipped with a nozzle from which a measuring fluid flows onto or through the band. Fluctuations in the flow of the measuring fluid and in the nozzle exit pressure can distort the measurement of the permeability. The apparatus has a device for determining the speed of the band and/or a device for determining the nozzle exit speed and the nozzle exit pressure of the measuring fluid. These three measured variables are measured simultaneously, so that a fluctuation in one of these measured variables cannot impair the accuracy of the permeability measurement.

Abstract: A method for determining the water permeability of clothing for a machine for producing and/or treating a material web, in particular paper or board web, including the following steps: aiming at least some, in particular high-energy, radiation at the clothing, measuring the amounts of energy penetrating the clothing and/or measuring the amounts of energy reflected by the clothing. In addition, a corresponding arrangement for carrying out the method is specified.

Abstract: An apparatus for measuring the permeability of a circulating band, in particular of a dewatering band in a papermaking machine, having a nozzle from which a measuring fluid flows onto the band. In order to avoid undesired lifting of the nozzle off the band due to pressure peaks, the apparatus according to the present invention has a nozzle which can be pressed onto the circulating band with a constant contact pressure.

Abstract: Process and apparatus for determining properties of a traveling material web. The process includes simultaneously illuminating a plurality of measuring points on the material web with electromagnetic radiation, and imaging, through at least one optical device, the plurality of measuring points on one detection surface of at least one detector. The device includes at least one radiation source for illuminating a plurality of measuring points on the material web, at least one detector having a detection surface, and at least one optical device for imaging of the measuring points on the detection surface of the at least one detector.