Abstract: The present invention provides a process for preparing 1,6-hexanediol having a purity of ?99.5% by weight by catalytically dimerizing acrylic esters and catalytically hydrogenating the hexenedioic diesters obtained in this way to 1,6-hexanediol by a) dimerizing C1- to C8-acrylic esters in the presence of at least one rhodium compound to give mixtures of predominantly 2- and 3-hexenedioic diesters, b) hydrogenating the resulting dimerizing effluent in the presence of chromium-free catalysts comprising predominantly copper as the hydrogenation component and c) purifying the crude 1,6-hexanediol obtained in this way by fractional distillation.

Abstract: In the continuous process for preparing alkylamines by reacting C1-4-alkanols with ammonia in the gas phase in the presence of a shape-selective fixed-bed catalyst in a cooled reactor, the shape-selective fixed-bed catalyst is present in a single contiguous fixed bed in the reactor and tubes through which coolants are passed run within the fixed bed to regulate the temperature of the fixed bed.

Abstract: The present invention provides a process for preparing 1,6-hexanediol having a purity of ?99.5% by weight by catalytically dimerizing acrylic esters and catalytically hydrogenating the hexenedioic diesters obtained in this way to 1,6-hexanediol by a) dimerizing C1- to C8-acrylic esters in the presence of at least one rhodium compound to give mixtures of predominantly 2- and 3-hexenedioic diesters, b) hydrogenating the resulting dimerizing effluent in the presence of chromium-free catalysts comprising predominantly copper as the hydrogenation component and c) purifying the crude 1,6-hexanediol obtained in this way by fractional distillation.

Abstract: A process for preparing 1,6-hexanediol from a carboxylic acid mixture comprising adipic acid, 6-hydroxycaproic acid and small amounts of 1,4-cyclohexanediols which is obtained as by-product in the oxidation of cyclohexane to cyclohexanone/cyclohexanol after water extraction of the reaction mixture followed by extraction with aqueous sodium hydroxide solution, by esterification of the acids and hydrogenation comprises a) liberating the carboxylic acids from the alkaline extract by addition of a mineral acid, b) fractionating the organic phase comprising carboxylic acids to give a distillate comprising the low molecular weight monocarboxylic acids and a residue comprising adipic acid and 6-hydroxycaproic acid, c) reacting the monocarboxylic an dicarboxylic acids present in the aqueous dicarboxylic acid mixture with a low molecular weight alcohol to give the corresponding carboxylic esters, d) freeing the esterification mixture obtained of excess alcohol and low boilers in a first distillation step, e) frac

Abstract: A process for working up by distillation the crude products obtained in the process according to DE-A 196 07 954 and containing 1,6-hexanediol (HDO), 1,5-pentanediol (PDO) or caprolactone (CLO) in order to obtain the corresponding pure products, the working-up by distillation being carried out in each case in a dividing wall column (TK) in which a dividing wall (T) is arranged in the longitudinal direction of the column with formation of an upper common column region (1), a lower common column region (6), a feed section (2, 4) having a rectification section (2) and stripping section (4), and a take-off section (3, 5) having a stripping section (3) and rectification section (5), with feeding of the respective crude product HDO, PLO or CLO in the middle region of the feed section (2, 4) and removal of the high boiler fraction (C) from the bottom of the column, of the low boiler fraction (A) via the top of the column and of the medium boiler fraction (B) from the middle region of the take-off section (3, 5), or

Abstract: The present invention relates to an improved process for preparing higher unsaturated ketones by reacting the corresponding &agr;,&bgr;-unsaturated alcohols with alkyl acetoacetates in a Carroll reaction , in a reactor system with fitted fractionation column, wherein A the &agr;,&bgr;-unsaturated alcohol is introduced into the reaction vessel together with the organic aluminum compound in the absence of effective amounts of a solvent, and the alkyl acetoacetate is metered into this mixture, B a reaction temperature which is as constant as possible at between 175° C. and 220° C., preferably between 180° C. and 200° C., is adjusted and C during the reaction the content of alkyl acetoacetate in the reaction mixture is adjusted to a value which is as constant as possible at between 1 and 3% by weight.

Abstract: A process for preparing 1,6-hexanediol from a carboxylic acid mixture obtained as by-product in the oxidation of cyclohexane to cyclohexanone/cyclohexanol with oxygen or oxygen-comprising gases and by aqueous extraction of the reaction mixture and comprising adipic acid, 6-hydroxycaproic acid and small amounts of 1,4-cyclohexanediols by esterification of the acids and hydrogenation, by a) reacting the mono- and dicarboxylic acids in the aqueous dicarboxylic acid mixture with a low molecular weight alcohol to form the corresponding carboxylic esters, b) conducting a first distillation to remove excess alcohol and low boilers from the esterification mixture obtained, c) conducting a second distillation to separate the bottom product into an ester fraction which is essentially free from 1,4-cyclohexanediols and a fraction which includes at least the larger proportion of the 1,4-cyclohexanediols, d) subjecting the ester fraction essentially free from 1,4-cyclohexanediols to a catalytic hydrogenation, and e)

Abstract: A process for producing cyclopentane and cyclopentene by fractional distillation of partly hydrogenated pyrolysis gasoline, in which(a) partly hydrogenated pyrolysis gasoline is fractionally distilled in a first distillation column,(b) a C.sub.5 hydrocarbon mixture containing at least 40% of cyclopentane and cyclopentene is taken off from the distillation column as a sidestream at a suitable tray, and(c) the C.sub.5 hydrocarbon mixture is further fractionally distilled into cyclopentane and cyclopentene in a second distillation column.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of cycloalkanols by the hydrolysis of cycloalkyl C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 fatty acid esters, which comprises the following steps:a) reaction of cycloalkyl C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 fatty acid esters with water at a temperature of from 30.degree. to 250.degree. in the liquid phase yielding a reaction mixture consisting of cycloalkyl C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 fatty acid esters, cycloalkanol, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 fatty acids, and water.b) separation of the reaction mixture obtained in stage a) at a temperature of from 0.degree. to 200.degree. C. into a top phase consisting substantially of cycloalkanol and cycloalkyl C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 fatty acid esters and a bottom phase consisting substantially of water and C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 fatty acids.c) separation of cycloalkanol from the top phase obtained in stage b) by distillation and recycling unconverted cycloalkyl C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 fatty acid esters to stage a).

Abstract: A DC source 10 connected to an electrode 5 is disposed in a coating chamber which can be evacuated. The electrode is electrically connected to a target 3 which is sputtered and the sputtered particles are deposited on the substrate, while a process gas is introduced in the coating chamber 15, 15a. The target is made of an aluminum-silicon alloy which may contain 0.5 to 2.0 percent silicon and 99.5 to 98.0 percent aluminum in order to improve the adhesive strength and the service life of the layer 2. The substrate may be made of polycarbonate.

Abstract: A wetting unit provides a contact agent between the coating roll and the film surface before coating by a thermal source.

Abstract: This invention relates to a source material for vapor deposition, which is useful for forming a magnesium oxide thin film by vacuum vapor deposition process, and to a method of forming a transparent barrier film by using the magnesium oxide source material. The source material is composed of a magnesium oxide having a bulk density of 2.5 g/ml or more. This magnesium oxide can be obtained by sintering or fusing magnesium oxide material. For producing a transparent barrier film having a gas barrier property, this magnesium oxide is vapor-deposited on a surface of a transparent plastic base film by means of vacuum vapor deposition. The volume shrinkage or cracking of the evaporation source material can be avoided, thereby stabilizing the evaporation and prolonging duration of the evaporation. Further, it is possible to utilize a high power of electron beam.

Abstract: The invention relates to a vacuum coating installation comprising a container (9) in which is disposed the material (10) to be vaporized, for example SiO. The vaporization of the material (10) herein takes place by means of an electron beam gun (11) or by means of a vaporization oven. Opposing the surface of the material to be vaporized (10) is provided a synthetic film (5) to be coated which is transported further by means of a transport arrangement (4, 6, 22 to 27). Into the space between the material (10) to be vaporized and the material (5) to be coated a microwave is irradiated from an horn antenna (13).

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for the aftertreatment of an oxide coating, and specifically an SiO.sub.x coating on a synthetic film. In this aftertreatment the oxide coating is exposed to a plasma whose particles effect positive changes of the oxide coating.

Abstract: A crucible (9) of a nonmetallic material with an elongated cavity (42) to contain the material to be evaporated has on top a vapor emission slot (45) which is defined at its longitudinal edges (43, 44) by two elongated plates (40, 41) of a likewise nonmetallic material. In the cavity (42) two heating rods (46, 47) are disposed in a mirror-symmetrical relationship to a plane of symmetry (S) through the vapor emission slot (45), one under each of the plates (40, 41) defining the vapor emission slot (45). Additional heating means are provided outside of the crucible and inside of a thermal barrier system.

Abstract: In a device for coating a substrate 1 made of polymethylmethacrylate with aluminum by means of a direct current source 10 which is connected to an electrode 5 disposed in an evacuable coating chamber 15a and electrically connected to a target 3 to be sputtered and the sputtered particles are deposited on a substrate 1 and wherein a process gas is introduced into the coating chamber (15, 15a), helium has is introduced as a process gas in order to improve adhesiveness and service life 2.

Abstract: A series evaporator for vacuum vapor-deposition apparatus has several evaporators 5 with individual power control, heated by passing through a current, supported on column-like, electrical supply lines 3, 4 wherein the column-like supply lines 3, 4 are held by an electrically conductive support body 6 extending over the entire length of the series evaporator. The supply lines 3 of the one polarity are connected to the support body 6 in an electrically conductive manner whereas the supply lines 4 of the other polarity are passed through the support body 6 in an insulated manner and connected to conducting wires 7 disposed in an insulated manner. Spring elements 8 apply pressure to the supply lines 4 traversing the support body 6 with play a, b, the action of these spring elements being exerted approximately parallel to the longitudinal extension of the evaporator and pressing the top portions 9 of the supply lines 4 against the front surfaces 10 of the evaporator 5 which they face.

Abstract: A DC source 10 is connected to an electrode 5 disposed in a coating chamber 15a which can be evacuated and this electrode is electrically connected to an aluminum target 3 which is sputtered by introduction of a process gas and the sputtered particles deposited onto a plastic substrate. During the coating process hydrogen and/or water vapor are supplied to the cathode area from a container 32 via a system of pipes 30 to increase the adhesive strength of the sputtered layer 2 on the substrate 1.

Abstract: In a device for producing metal-free strips on vacuum-coated film webs, particularly for capacitors, including a casing 32 with a cover 30 for sealing the casing pressure-tight and a winding unit 29, including guiding and tensioning rollers 5 to 17 which are rotatably disposed between the plates 3, 4, at least one coating roller and a take-off and a take-up roller 35', 37' as well as a coating source 19 supported in the casing 32 and a preferably tubular vessel 34 for receiving a separating agent 33 to be evaporated, for example oil, which is disposed transversely to the running direction of the web and has at least one nozzle 36 for the separating agent 33 to emerge from the vessel 34 onto the film web 50 passing by the outlet nozzle 36 in direct vicinity, the vessel 34 is at least partially filled with a supply of separating agent 33 and is provided with at least one vapor outlet pipe 39 the outlet nozzle of which 36 ends into the coating chamber 45 below the surface level 46 of the supply of separating age