Abstract: Systems and methods are disclosed that provide smart alerts to users, e.g., alerts to users about diabetic states that are only provided when it makes sense to do so, e.g., when the system can predict or estimate that the user is not already cognitively aware of their current condition, e.g., particularly where the current condition is a diabetic state warranting attention. In this way, the alert or alarm is personalized and made particularly effective for that user. Such systems and methods still alert the user when action is necessary, e.g., a bolus or temporary basal rate change, or provide a response to a missed bolus or a need for correction, but do not alert when action is unnecessary, e.g., if the user is already estimated or predicted to be cognitively aware of the diabetic state warranting attention, or if corrective action was already taken.

Abstract: A system for filtering a signal includes a plurality of filter modules coupled in series. Each filter module includes a filter and a variable gain element. Each filter is capable of. receiving an input signal, attenuating a portion of the input signal that is outside a passband associated with the filter, and outputting at least a portion of the input signal that is within the passband associated with the filter. Each variable gain element is capable of receiving a control signal and inducing a gain in an output of the filter based on the control signal.

Abstract: The invention concerns the separation of optical isomers of cyclopropane carboxylic acid.

Abstract: A process for separating the individual optically active isomers of cis- or trans-forms of cyclopropane carboxylic acids of formula: ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 is halo, alkyl, alkenyl, haloalkyl, haloalkenyl or haloalkynyl, and R.sup.2 is hydrogen or cyano, from a mixture of cis-isomers or trans-isomers which comprises treating an aqueous solution of a soluble salt of the racemate or diastereoisomeric mixture of the cis- or trans-isomers with just sufficient of a single isomer of an optically active amine to cause precipitation of one isomer or diastereoisomer of the cyclopropane carboxylic acid as the ammonium salt while substantially all of the other isomer remains in solution as the soluble salt.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of certain cyano substituted esters and optical isomers thereof useful as insecticides by dehydration of the precursor carboxamido esters. Intermediates for the preparation of such compounds, e.g., racemic methyl 3-phenoxymandelate, methyl (S)-3-phenoxymandelate and methyl (R)-3-phenoxymandelate are also disclosed.

Abstract: Esters of formula: ##STR1## wherein R is either (a) or a group of formula: ##STR2## where X is methyl, chlorine or bromine, or (b) a group of formula: ##STR3## where Y is methyl or chlorine and n is one or two, and R.sup.2 is alkyl or 2 to 4 carbon atoms; and R.sup.1 is phenoxy or 2,2-dichlorovinyloxy.

Abstract: A process of separating cis and trans isomers of cyclopropane carboxylic acids comprising the step of treating an aqueous solution of a soluble salt of the cis and trans isomers with just sufficient of an acid, for example acetic acid or carbonic acid, to cause precipitation of one isomeric form of the cyclopropane carboxylic acid while substantially all or a major proportion of the other isomeric form remains in solution as the soluble salt. The process may be used, for example, to separate (+)-cis-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid (an intermediate for insecticides) from a mixture of the (+)-cis and (+)-trans acids.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of certain cyano substituted esters and optical isomers thereof useful as insecticides by dehydration of the precursor carboxamido esters.