Abstract: Methods and apparatus are disclosed to track and hold a voltage. An example track and hold circuit comprises a first electronic switch, a second electronic switch, and a current mode logic amplifier.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus are disclosed to track and hold a voltage. An example track and hold circuit comprises a first electronic switch, a second electronic switch, and a current mode logic amplifier.

Abstract: Fluorescent dyes useful for detecting a target material in biological assays an electron donating moiety which is linked by a conjugated ?-electron bridge to an electron accepting moiety. The ?-electron bridge includes at least one carbocyclic ring structure or heterocyclic ring structure. The electron accepting moiety is a carboxylic acid, a salt of a carboxylic acid, or has the formula: wherein: X8 is selected from the group consisting of H, CH3, and (CH2)n6-Z2?, where Z2? is a monovalent anion; and n6 is an integer from 1 through 10; and Q3 is O or S.

Abstract: Described herein are methods for assaying analytes.

Abstract: A substrate, which that is capable of attaching biomolecules, and a method for preparing the substrate are provided. The substrate has a reactive surface that can covalently attach a polymer coating containing functional groups, which can reduce nonspecific binding of biomolecules to the surface for a biological array. Optionally, at least a portion of the substrate may be coated with an intermediate tie layer, which enhances the covalent bonding between the polymer coating with the underlying substrate. The present invention also pertains to a method that uses electrostatic blocking agents to reduce non-specific binding of proteins to a substrate, especially anhydride-modified surfaces.

Abstract: The present invention relates to arrays comprising porous substrates for attachment of nucleic acids, polypeptides, membranes, or other biological or organic materials. In many embodiments, the arrays of the present invention have a flow-through configuration such that washing buffers or samples can access to the porous substrates from at least two sides of the arrays. The present invention also features arrays comprising UV-compatible porous substrates, arrays comprising three-dimensional membranes in sol-gels, and arrays comprising silica-based porous substrates prepared using a low-temperature fusion process.

Abstract: The invention is directed to aromatic vinyl sulfide compounds of general formula A(—S—CH?CH2)z, wherein z is in the range of 1-4 and A represents highly halogenated and highly halogenated-deuterated phenyl, biphenyl and naphthalene compounds; highly halogenated and highly halogenated-deuterated biphenyl ethers and thioethers; and highly halogenated and highly halogenated-deuterated unsaturated 5- and 6-member heterocyclic ring systems containing carbon and at least one heteroatom selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur. The aromatic vinyl sulfide compounds of the invention can be used to prepare elements and devices suitable for use in optical communications.