Abstract: An exhaust gas treatment system for an internal combustion engine includes an exhaust gas pathway configured to receive exhaust gas from the internal combustion engine, an ammonia source, and a first ammonia injector in fluid communication with the ammonia source. The first ammonia injector is configured to inject ammonia into the exhaust gas pathway at a first rate. The exhaust gas treatment system also includes a first treatment element positioned downstream of the first ammonia injector and a second ammonia injector in fluid communication with the ammonia source and positioned downstream of the first treatment element. The second ammonia injector is configured to inject ammonia into the exhaust gas pathway at a second rate different from the first rate. The exhaust gas treatment system further includes a second treatment element positioned downstream of the second ammonia injector.

Abstract: A particulate and siloxane filtration system may include a housing and a filter media assembly. The filter media assembly may be disposed within the housing and positioned to filter intake gases to an internal combustion engine. The filter media assembly may include a particulate media configured to remove particulates from the intake gases and a siloxane media configured to remove siloxanes from the intake gases.

Abstract: A particulate and siloxane filtration system may include a housing and a filter media assembly. The filter media assembly may be disposed within the housing and positioned to filter intake gases to an internal combustion engine. The filter media assembly may include a particulate media configured to remove particulates from the intake gases and a siloxane media configured to remove siloxanes from the intake gases.

Abstract: A method for regeneration of a CDPF disposed in the exhaust stream of a diesel engine. The method includes a second phase operation following a first phase substantially as disclosed in the prior art. As the first phase ends, as indicated by a temperature sensor at the exit end of the CDPF, the temperature and oxygen content of the exhaust gas are increased at the entrance to the CDPF in an ensuing second stage. These increases cause oxidation of the soot remaining near the entrance and the sides of the CDPF, resulting in a cleaner and higher-capacity CDPF than is produced by a single-phase regeneration in the prior art. The sequential stages are implemented via an algorithm programmed into an Engine Control Module (ECM). A CDPF regenerated in accordance with the invention can have approximately 95% of its filtration capacity restored.

Abstract: A method for triggering a new regeneration event in a soot-trapping particulates filter disposed in an exhaust gas stream of an internal combustion engine, comprising the steps of determining instantaneous engine speed and engine load; determining instantaneous mass fractions for wet soot and for dry soot in the exhaust gas stream for the instantaneous engine speed and load; determining instantaneous concentrations of wet and dry soot particles in the exhaust gas; determining the rates of accumulation of wet soot and dry soot in the particulates filter; determining the total amounts of wet soot and dry soot accumulated in said soot-trapping device during all engine operation conditions since the latest previous regeneration event; and triggering the new regeneration event when the total amount of wet soot and dry soot exceeds a permissible value.

Abstract: A method for triggering a new regeneration event in a soot-trapping particulates filter disposed in an exhaust gas stream of an internal combustion engine, comprising the steps of determining instantaneous engine speed and engine load; determining instantaneous mass fractions for wet soot and for dry soot in the exhaust gas stream for the instantaneous engine speed and load; determining instantaneous concentrations of wet and dry soot particles in the exhaust gas; determining the rates of accumulation of wet soot and dry soot in the particulates filter; determining the total amounts of wet soot and dry soot accumulated in said soot-trapping device during all engine operation conditions since the latest previous regeneration event; and triggering the new regeneration event when the total amount of wet soot and dry soot exceeds a permissible value.

Abstract: A method for regeneration of a CDPF disposed in the exhaust stream of a diesel engine. The method includes a second phase operation following a first phase substantially as disclosed in the prior art. As the first phase ends, as indicated by a temperature sensor at the exit end of the CDPF, the temperature and oxygen content of the exhaust gas are increased at the entrance to the CDPF in an ensuing second stage. These increases cause oxidation of the soot remaining near the entrance and the sides of the CDPF, resulting in a cleaner and higher-capacity CDPF than is produced by a single-phase regeneration in the prior art. The sequential stages are implemented via an algorithm programmed into an Engine Control Module (ECM). A CDPF regenerated in accordance with the invention can have approximately 95% of its filtration capacity restored.

Abstract: A rotary-type earth-boring drag bit with cutters oriented at varied rake angles and methods for designing such drag bits. Specifically, cutters that are located sequentially adjacent radial distances from a longitudinal axis of the drill bit have cutting faces that are oriented at rake angles that differ from one another. These cutters may be located on the same blade of the drag bit or on different blades of the drag bit. The rake angles at which the cutting faces of these cutters are oriented may be based, at least in part, on the relative radial distances these cutters are spaced from the longitudinal axis of the drag bit, on the vertical positions of these cutters along the longitudinal axis of the drag bit, or in response to actual or simulated evaluations of the use of the drag bit to drill a subterranean formation.

Abstract: A rotary-type earth-boring drag bit with cutters oriented at varied rake angles and methods for designing such drag bits. Specifically, cutters that are located sequentially adjacent radial distances from a longitudinal axis of the drill bit have cutting faces that are oriented at rake angles that differ from one another. These cutters may be located on the same blade of the drag bit or on different blades of the drag bit.

Abstract: A rotary-type earth-boring drag bit with cutters oriented at varied rake angles and methods for designing such drag bits. Specifically, cutters that are located sequentially adjacent radial distances from a longitudinal axis of the drill bit have cutting faces that are oriented at rake angles that differ from one another. These cutters may be located on the same blade of the drag bit or on different blades of the drag bit. The rake angles at which the cutting faces of these cutters are oriented may be based, at least in part, on the relative radial distances these cutters are spaced from the longitudinal axis of the drag bit, on the vertical positions of these cutters along the longitudinal axis of the drag bit, or in response to actual or simulated evaluations of the use of the drag bit to drill a subterranean formation.

Abstract: A rotary-type earth-boring drag bit with cutters oriented at varied rake angles. Specifically, cutters that are located sequentially adjacent radial distances from a longitudinal axis of the drill bit have cutting faces that are oriented at rake angles that differ from one another. These cutters may be located on the same blade of the drag bit or on different blades of the drag bit. The rake angles at which the cutting faces of these cutters are oriented may be based, at least in part, on the relative radial distances these cutters are spaced from the longitudinal axis of the drag bit, on the vertical positions of these cutters along the longitudinal axis of the drag bit, or in response to actual or simulated evaluations of the use of drag bit to drill a subterranean formation. Methods for designing drag bits are also disclosed.

Abstract: A tri-cone earth-boring bit has nozzles oriented for improved cone cleaning, bottom cleaning and cuttings evacuation. Each of the nozzles is oriented to discharge across a trailing side of a cone at a point considerably inboard of the borehole wall. Each nozzle has an outlet located radially outward from the bit axis a distance that is at least equal to a distance from a top dead center of the heel row of each of the cones to the bit axis. Also, each of the nozzles is oriented to discharge drilling fluid along a line that contacts the borehole bottom at a distance that is no greater than a distance from a bottom dead center of an outermost of the inner rows of the cone to the bit axis. A portion of the drilling fluid discharged from each nozzle will pass by more than one of the rows of the cones.

Abstract: A method to screen parallel combinatorial libraries for chiral selectors, for instance, a parallel library screening procedure demonstrating the chiral resolution of racemic analyte such as racemic (1-naphthyl)leucine ester. The method involves synthesis of potential chiral selectors on polymeric synthesis resins and the rapid screening of selectors directly on the resins with batch incubation, followed by circular dichroism measurement. The method does not require pre-immobilization of the analyte. The identified chiral selector is then attached onto a support and employed to resolve the racemic analyte into its R-enantiomer and S-enantiomer.

Abstract: A method of net-shaping using aerogel materials is provided by first forming a sol, aging the sol to form a gel, with the gel having a fluid component and having been formed into a medium selected from the group consisting of a powder, bulk material, or granular aerobeads, derivatizing the surface of the gel to render the surface unreactive toward further condensation, removing a portion of the fluid component of the final shaped gel to form a partially dried medium, placing the medium into a cavity, wherein the volume of said medium is less that the volume of the cavity, and removing a portion of the fluid component of the medium. The removal, such as by heating at a temperature of approximately less than 50° C., applying a vacuum, or both, causes the volume of the medium to increase and to form a solid aerogel. The material can be easily removed by exposing the material to a solvent, thereby reducing the volume of the material.

Abstract: An improved electroplating bath, complexing agent, product and method for producing nickel-rich nickel-iron alloys, such as Permalloy, having about 22% iron and 78% nickel. The improved electroplating bath contains a small amount of an organic amine complexing agent such as ethylenediamine or diethylenetriamine which increases the nickel/iron mass ratio of the deposit, causes nickel to be deposited in favor of iron, reduces the sensitivity of the deposit composition to the iron content of the bath and the applied current density. Further, the pH of the bath is adjusted to about 5.0 to stabilize the complexes and tartaric acid is added to complex ferric ion and thus prevent its precipitation. The organic amine complexing agents useful in accordance with the present invention are agents which complex with nickel and include ethylenediamine and diethylenetriamine each having at least two amine groups with each of the amine groups separated by two carbons.

Abstract: An improved electroplating bath, complexing agent, product and method for producing nickel-rich nickel-iron alloys, such as Permalloy, having about 22% iron and 78% nickel. The improved electroplating bath contains a small amount of an organic amine complexing agent such as ethylenediamine or diethylenetriamine which increases the nickel/iron mass ratio of the deposit, causes nickel to be deposited in favor of iron, reduces the sensitivity of the deposit composition to the iron content of the bath and the applied current density. Further, the pH of the bath is adjusted to about 5.0 to stabilize the complexes and tartaric acid is added to complex ferric ion and thus prevent its precipitation. The organic amine complexing agents useful in accordance with the present invention are agents which complex with nickel and include ethylenediamine and diethylenetriamine each having at least two amine groups with each of the amine groups separated by two carbons.

Abstract: An earth-boring bit has a bit body and at least one bearing shaft depending inwardly and downwardly from the bit body. The bearing shaft has a base and a generally cylindrical bearing surface and at least one cutter is mounted for rotation on the bearing shaft. A bearing seal recess is formed generally at the base of the bearing shaft and defines a cylindrical seal face radially recessed from the journal bearing surface. A cutter seal recess is formed in the cutter generally opposite the bearing seal recess and defines a bearing cylindrical seal face. The cutter and bearing seal recesses define a seal gland including a pair of opposed radial seal surfaces. A resilient seal ring is disposed in the seal gland and compressed between the cylindrical seal faces.

Abstract: Vancomycin and other vancomycin-type antibiotics, which contain asparagine, as the third residue are prepared in storable prepackaged solutions. The antibiotics are made storage-stable by the incorporation of a short chain peptide of the class binding to vancomycin. The solutions may be used for intravenous, oral, or peritoneal administration, and also in diagnostic uses.