Abstract: Aspects of the subject disclosure may include, for example, a system for modulating a first electrical signal to generate first modulated electromagnetic waves, and transmitting the first modulated electromagnetic waves on a waveguide located in proximity to a transmission medium. In one embodiment, the first electromagnetic waves can induce second electromagnetic waves that propagate on an outer surface of the transmission medium. The second electromagnetic waves can have a first spectral range that is divided into, contains or otherwise includes a first control channel and a first plurality of bands. Other embodiments are disclosed.

Abstract: A planar workpiece such as a printed circuit board or a ceramic substrate for an integrated circuit is aligned by apparatus including three pivotal cams that initially fit relatively loosely in three apertures in the workpiece. As the cams are rotated, they contact the sides of the apertures and thereby urge the workpiece into a centered and aligned position.