Abstract: A method of exchanging heat is disclosed. Process fluid is passed through a dry indirect contact heat exchange section while a main air stream is also passed through that section. The process fluid is passed through a second indirect contact heat exchange section while a second air stream is passed through that section. A third air stream is passed through a direct contact heat exchange section and mixed with the second air stream to define the main air stream. Evaporative liquid is selectively distributed over the second indirect contact heat exchange section and over the direct heat exchange section. The distribution of evaporative liquid over one section is independent of the distribution of evaporative liquid over the other section.

Abstract: A film fill-pack has a plurality of fill-sheets with an ordered array of ridges and grooves generally extending above a planar surface on both the obverse and reverse surfaces of a fill-sheet, which fill-sheets at an assembled state provide the ridges and grooves of facing obverse and reverse surfaces of adjacent fill-sheets in an arrangement providing a plurality of channels between adjacent fill-sheets for gas flow therethrough and where the ordered arrangement of ridges and grooves induces spiraling of the gas flow through the channels for promotion of improved heat transfer; and, where the fill-sheets further include a spacing arrangement providing a compact nesting of adjacent sheets with minimal sheet-to-sheet displacement at least at two of the edges for compact handling, transfer and storage with a self-spacing of adjacent fill-sheets at assembly of the film fill-pack.

Abstract: A method of exchanging heat is disclosed. Process fluid is passed through a dry indirect contact heat exchange section while a main air stream is also passed through that section. The process fluid is passed through a second indirect contact heat exchange section while a second air stream is passed through that section. A third air stream is passed through a direct contact heat exchange section and mixed with the second air stream to define the main air stream. Evaporative liquid is selectively distributed over the second indirect contact heat exchange section and over the direct heat exchange section. The distribution of evaporative liquid over one section is independent of the distribution of evaporative liquid over the other section.

Abstract: A system and method of exchanging heat are disclosed. Three heat exchange sections are used: a dry indirect contact heat exchange section, a second indirect contact heat exchange section that is operable in either a wet or dry mode, and a direct contact heat exchange section. The three sections are next to each other in an apparatus to reduce the overall height of the apparatus. The dry and second indirect contact heat exchange sections receive a process fluid in series or in parallel. Separate ambient air streams pass through the second indirect and direct contact heat exchange sections before mixing and entering the dry indirect contact heat exchange section. Another ambient air stream is mixed in upstream of the dry indirect contact heat exchange section when the system is operated in the dry mode. Two independent evaporative liquid distribution systems are included. One selectively distributes evaporative liquid over the second indirect contact heat exchange section.

Abstract: A film fill-pack has a plurality of fill-sheets with an ordered array of ridges and grooves generally extending above a planar surface on both the obverse and reverse surfaces of a fill-sheet, which fill-sheets at an assembled state provide the ridges and grooves of facing obverse and reverse surfaces of adjacent fill-sheets in an arrangement providing a plurality of channels between adjacent fill-sheets for gas flow therethrough and where the ordered arrangement of ridges and grooves induces spiraling of the gas flow through the channels for promotion of improved heat transfer; and, where the fill-sheets further include a spacing arrangement providing a compact nesting of adjacent sheets with minimal sheet-to-sheet displacement at least at two of the edges for compact handling, transfer and storage with a self-spacing of adjacent fill-sheets at assembly of the film fill-pack.

Abstract: A system and methods of extracting heat are disclosed. The system may be arranged as a fluid cooler or as a fluid condenser. Three heat exchange sections are provided: a dry indirect contact heat exchange section; a second indirect contact heat exchange section that is operable in either a wet or dry mode; and a direct contact heat exchange section. As a fluid cooler, a connecting flow path connects the dry indirect contact heat exchange section to the second indirect contact heat exchange section. A bypass flow path extends from the dry indirect contact heat exchange section to the process fluid outlet.

Abstract: A heat exchange apparatus is provided with an indirect evaporative heat exchange section and a direct evaporative heat exchange section. A uniform temperature evaporative liquid is downwardly sprayed into the indirect section to indirectly exchange sensible heat with a hot fluid stream flowing within a series of enclosed circuits which comprise the indirect evaporative heat exchange section. After the evaporative fluid descends through the entire indirect heat exchange section and absorbs heat, it is distributed across fill media within the direct evaporative heat exchange section for cooling. Separate streams of ambient cooling air are simultaneously drawn into each of the heat exchange sections crosscurrently to evaporatively cool the evaporative liquid flowing within each section. The water cooled in the direct heat exchange section is then collected in a sump where it is allowed to mix and resultantly become uniform in temperature before being redistributed.

Abstract: A heat exchange apparatus is provided with an indirect evaporative heat exchange section and a direct evaporative heat exchange section. A uniform temperature evaporative liquid is downwardly sprayed into the indirect section to indirectly exchange sensible heat with a hot fluid stream flowing within a series of enclosed circuits which comprise the indirect evaporative heat exchange section. After the evaporative fluid descends through the entire indirect heat exchange section and absorbs heat, it is distributed across fill media within the direct evaporative heat exchange section for cooling. Separate streams of ambient cooling air are simultaneously drawn into each of the heat exchange sections to evaporatively cool the evaporative liquid flowing within each section. The water cooled in the direct heat exchange section is then collected in a sump where it is allowed to mix and resultantly become uniform in temperature before being redistributed.

Abstract: A positive photoresist of the type containing an alkali-soluble novolac resin and a quinone diazide sensitizer contains a dye of the general formula: ##STR1## wherein R' is lower alkyl, R" is H, alkyl or CO.sub.2 -alkyl, alkyl-CO.sub.2 -alkyl or alkyl-CO.sub.2 -(C.sub.1 -C.sub.3 alkyl-O).sub.n -alkyl (n=1-3) and wherein said dye is compatible with the novolac resin/quinone diazide formulation to at least 0.1 phr. The dye reduces reflective notching. Preferably the photoresist also contain a nitro naphthol dye to reduce the effects of I-Line radiation.

Abstract: A photoimageable composition of the negative acting type which includes a binder polymer which contains carboxyl groups is provided with a metal chelate in which the coordination number of the metal is 2 or higher. When the photoimageable composition is coated as a layer on a dry film, the metal chelate reacts with the carboxyl groups of the polymer, releasing a metal ion which bridges carboxyl groups of two or more polymer molecules. This bridging reduces cold flow of the photoimageable composition layer of the dry film.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for thermal storage improved to deliver cold liqud refrigerant during a supply cycle by freezing storage liquid envelopes only on tubes defining refrigerant flow paths during an ice production and storage cycle and extending the effective flow paths during the supply cycle through supplementary conduits immersed in free storage liquid which is chilled by the exterior of the frozen envelopes.

Abstract: A forced draft crossflow evaporative heat exchange has a turbulent air-liquid interchange zone downstream from the air propulsion means and intermediate the air propulsion means and the heat exchange media. The media is inclined so the upper portion is closer to the air propulsion means than the lower portion.

Abstract: A contact body or evaporative heat and mass exchanger packing composed of a plurality of side-by-side thin sheets interlocked with one another. The sheets are grooved with a serpentine-like, continuously-variable, cross section form to produce a plurality of liquid and gas channels between the sheets. The sheets have integrally-formed knobs and sockets specifically located to provide up-spaced alternate sheet support without utilizing adhesives of any type. The sheets are preferably composed of a thermoplastic material of any desired length, being continuously pressure-vacuum formed from long sheet rolls. The groove crests abut adjacent sheets apices at continuously-variable spacings of both greater and lesser dimension than the basic edge spacing of the serpentine grooves. The flat crests or apices of grooves are also infinitely variable in width dimension while maintaining a constant sidewall groove angle.

Abstract: Improved carbon fibers are provided which may be employed in composites to improve the impact resistance thereof. The carbon fibers disclosed are coated with a sizing composition comprised of a blend of an epoxy resin formed by the reaction of epichlorohydrin and p-amino phenol and an acrylonitrile butadiene-styrene (ABS) graft copolymer.

Abstract: A novel pulp is provided comprised of fibrils of a thermotropic liquid crystal polymer which comprises recurring units which contain a 2,6-dioxyanthraquinone moiety. Materials comprised of thermotropic liquid crystal polymers which contain such a moiety are readily broken up to form a pulp comprised of fibrils which can be incorporated into a variety of articles such as papers.

Abstract: This invention involves spaced, horizontally extending corrugations, spaced, vertically oriented film surface sheets. The surface of the fill is enhanced by molded-in angular grooves to define discrete water passageways and air turbulation ridges.

Abstract: The stability, particularly in the presence of unprotected ferrous metal surfaces, of pressure-sensitive adhesive compositions, made from a carboxylic acid containing acrylic polymer and chelate esters of orthotitanic acid, is improved by the addition of a small amount of a tertiary amine.