Abstract: Provided herein are systems and methods for controlling the production of negative carbon-intensity liquid hydrocarbons (e.g., for fuels and chemicals). In various aspects, the methods utilize a feedstock having a negative carbon intensity, produce a co-product from the feedstock, sequester a portion of the CO2 derived from the feedstock, or utilize a portion of the O2 in a process that consumes O2 and emits CO2.

Abstract: This disclosure provides a high solids biomass slurry that is readily pumpable and transportable to downstream processing units, such as chemical and/or biochemical processing units. The slurry is amenable to saccharification efficiencies of >70 % in processing times of <36 hours. Also provided are devices for processing materials, such as the high solids biomass slurry.

Abstract: This disclosure provides a high solids biomass slurry that is readily pumpable and transportable to downstream processing units, such as chemical and/or biochemical processing units. The slurry is amenable to saccharification efficiencies of >70 % in processing times of <36 hours. Also provided are devices for processing materials, such as the high solids biomass slurry.

Abstract: A method for the pretreatment of biomass solids includes hydrating the biomass solids to form a biomass slurry, shear treating the biomass solids, and hydrolyzing the biomass solids in the presence of reactive enzymes in a pressure hydrolysis zone. Shear treatment of the biomass solids reduces the particle size of the biomass solids, modifies the particle or slurry morphology, and/or ruptures the cell walls of the biomass solids. The pressure hydrolysis zone includes a high-shear, high-pressure, low-temperature heat exchange and reaction zone and a low-pressure, low-temperature polishing zone. Sugars formed from the biomass solids treated in accordance with the methods described above may be used to produce various biofuels.

Abstract: Office supply articles which can be converted into body armor by the target of a workplace violence event to protect him or her in the event a workplace violence event occurs.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for reforming organics into shorter-chain unsaturated organic compounds. A molten metal bath is provided which can cause homolytic cleavage of an organic component of an organic-containing feed. The feed is directed into the molten metal bath at a rate which causes partial homolytic cleavage of an organic component of the feed. Conditions are established and maintained in the reactor to cause partial homolytic cleavage of the organic component to produce unsaturated organic compounds, as products of the homolytic cleavage, which are discharged from the molten metal bath.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for top-charging a solid waste into a molten metal bath to form a dissociation product are disclosed. The method includes introducing the waste into the molten metal bath through a refractory tube disposed in a reactor, containing the molten metal bath, through which the refractory tube extends. A gas outlet is disposed above the molten metal bath. The refractory tube has a submergible end which is immersed in the molten metal bath and which defines a lower opening at the terminal end of the refractory tube and an elevated opening, whereby a portion of the molten metal bath enters the refractory tube through the lower opening to allow the molten metal bath to remain within the refractory tube while at least partially dissociating the waste to form the dissociation product in the molten metal bath. An oxidizing agent can be directed into the molten metal bath at a rate sufficient to form an gaseous oxygenated product which is discharged from the reactor.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for top-charging a solid waste into a molten metal bath to form a dissociation product are disclosed. The method includes introducing the waste into the molten metal bath through a refractory tube disposed in a reactor, containing the molten metal bath, through which the refractory tube extends. A gas outlet is disposed above the molten metal bath. The refractory tube has a submergible end which is immersed in the molten metal bath and which defines a lower opening at the terminal end of the refractory tube and an elevated opening, whereby a portion of the molten metal bath enters the refractory tube through the lower opening to allow the molten metal bath to remain within the refractory tube while at least partially dissociating the waste to form the dissociation product in the molten metal bath. An oxidizing agent can be directed into the molten metal bath at a rate sufficient to form an gaseous oxygenated product which is discharged from the reactor.

Abstract: A method for dissociating organic waste to produce a gasified hydrocarbon. The method of the invention includes directing an organic waste, into a reaction zone containing a molten metal bath in a reactor maintained under conditions sufficient to dissociate the organic waste and to form a gasified hydrocarbon component. Wherein the organic waste includes an inorganic component, the an inorganic component is retained in a vitreous and/or molten metal phase or is removed form the gaseous phase by physical or chemical separation.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for reforming organics into shorter-chain unsaturated organic compounds. A molten metal bath is provided which can cause homolytic cleavage of an organic component of an organic-containing feed. The feed is directed into the molten metal bath at a rate which causes partial homolytic cleavage of an organic component of the feed. Conditions are established and maintained in the reactor to cause partial homolytic cleavage of the organic component to produce unsaturated organic compounds, as products of the homolytic cleavage, which are discharged from the molten metal bath.