Abstract: Detection of delaminated features on a printed circuit board. Delamination is detected by designing a sacrificial trace which is anchored by a via at one end and connects to a feature such as a pad on the other. The sacrificial trace is fragile. Delamination of the feature causes the sacrificial trace to break, interrupting an electrical circuit which is sensed to detect the failure.

Abstract: A signal source which provides a carrier signal having a precisely set signal-to-noise ratio is provided. The carrier signal and its sideband noise components are attenuated below the equivalent thermal noise floor of an attenuator. The attenuated carrier signal and the equivalent thermal noise floor are then amplified in an amplifier having a known noise figure to produce a composite carrier signal having a usable power level and a precisely known signal-to-noise ratio. Since the equivalent thermal noise floor is a function only of temperature, the desired carrier signal-to-noise ratio may be set by setting the power level of the carrier signal and knowing the noise figure of the amplifier.